The Battle of Leyte Gulf – Part 4

 

Vice Adm. Shoji Nishimura – Photo Credit – Wikipedia

At the same time that Halsey was chasing Ozawa's decoy carriers, the second arm of the Japanese pincers, Vice Admiral Nishimura's Southern Force, was approaching Surigao Strait, the southern entrance to Leyte Gulf. Although he knew that Kurita had been delayed and would not be able to keep the dawn rendezvous in Leyte Gulf, Nishimura steamed ahead on schedule.

Aware of Vice Admiral Shoji Nishimura's Southern Force but ignorant of the gaping hole of the San Bernardino Strait, Kinkaid ordered Rear Adm. Jesse B. Oldendorf to deploy the U.S. ships in preparation for a night engagement. They would be waiting for Nishimura. As Nishimura's force steamed single file into the southern approaches of Surigao Strait, it was ambushed by several groups of American PT boats, which had been lying motionless in the water so as not to leave wakes that would give away their positions. A few miles farther north, the Japanese entered a more effective prearranged trap: a gauntlet of American and Australian destroyers. As Nishimura's force filed up the center of the strait, the destroyers raced down both sides of it in formation of two or three, firing half salvos of torpedoes at a range of about four miles, and then turning and speeding away before the Japanese guns could find them. Zigzagging and throwing up smoke screens, the destroyers escaped.

The results were devastating. The battleship Fuso blew up and split in two. Nishimura's flagship, the battleship Yamashiro, took hits, and two of his destroyers were sunk. But still, Nishimura came on. Oldendorf prepared to cross the enemy's "T" – a classic maneuver in which one fleet cuts in front of the enemy column in a single-file formation, or battle line. Thus, Oldendorf's battleships and cruisers steamed directly across Nishimura's path, blocking his passage from Surigao Strait to Leyte Gulf.

On the flagship of the cruiser Louisville, Oldendorf held his fire until Nishimura's lead ship closed the range at 15,600 yards. Then, shortly before 4 am, he gave the order to fire. Every ship on the flank forces and the battle line opened at once. Explosions and fires were immediately noticed. After taking several hits, the battleship Yamashiro exploded, then quickly capsized and sank.

By the end of the Battle of Surigao Strait, Oldendorf's ships sank Nishimura's entire fleet, except for one destroyer, which was severely damaged but able to escape. The American losses were thirty-nine killed, 119 wounded, mostly on Captain Smoot's destroyers, the Albert W. Grant, which had been struck by its sister ships and severely damaged. The crew on all the ships sensed that a great victory had been won.

Suddenly, elation turned into real alarm when, over the TBS (Talk Between Ships, a voice radio), the crew heard that the TAFFY groups (the light and escort carriers left behind to protect other entrances to Leyte Gulf) were under attack at close range by Japanese battleships and cruisers.

Admiral Shima arrived in Surigao Strait later that night. At 5:32 am on October 25, Shima radioed Kurita that Nishimura's force had been destroyed. After a brief encounter with American firepower and upon recognizing Nishimura's fate, Shima decided to turn southward and flee the scene.

To be continued. . .

Sources:

Crisis in the Pacific by Gerald Astor

The Pacific War by William B. Hopkins

Return to the Philippines WWII by Rafael Steinberg

The Battle of Leyte Gulf – Part 3

 

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Admiral Halsey’s pilot reported that four of Kurita’s battleships had been severely damaged, that nine cruisers and destroyers had been sunk or heavily damaged, and that the remains of the armada were retreating westward. Halsey assumed that the Center Force was no longer a threat. On the contrary, air attacks by Halsey’s carriers, though damaging to the Japanese fleet, were not the knockout blows reported by the pilots.

Meanwhile, Admiral Ozawa artfully coaxed Halsey to chase him. Desperate to lure the Americans, Ozawa directed his pair of ships that were half-battleship and half-carrier, the Ise and the Hyuga, to run south and find the hostile fleet. U.S. planes scouring the area finally spotted the pair around 4:00 pm on October 24.

At about 5:30 pm, one spotted the carriers of Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa’s Northern Force 300 miles to the north of the San Bernardino Strait. Now, Halsey regarded the Northern Force as the major threat. He did not know, of course, that Ozawa’s four carriers had only a few planes left on board. Lacking that intelligence, he decided on an all-out attack with his entire armada to destroy the Japanese carriers. Leaving not even a destroyer patrol to give warning if Kurita emerged from the San Bernardino Strait, Halsey ordered the Third Fleet north but failed to inform Kinkaid that the vital strait above Samar was being left unguarded. He had swallowed Ozawa’s bait.

Halsey realized that Kurita’s Center force, battered though it was, might yet attempt to enter the gulf. Even before sighting Ozawa’s carriers, he had transmitted to his Third Fleet commanders a stand-by battle plan that set up a separate detachment of fast battleships, cruisers, and destroyers to confront Kurita. This group of warships formed Task Force 34 under Vice Admiral Willis Lee. The plan was simply an alert, not an operational order for immediate action. To make sure that none of his subordinates misunderstood, Halsey called them on the short-range radio and said, “If the enemy sorties, Task Force 34 will be formed when directed by me.”

Admiral Nimitz and Halsey discussing

 South Pacific strategy

Admiral Kinkaid received a copy of the original message but not the clarifying amendment. Kinkaid assumed that Lee and Task Force 34 were being sent to guard the San Bernardino Strait immediately. On the other hand, Halsey assumed that planes from Kinkaid’s escort carriers would keep an eye on the strait. Halsey also assumed that the Seventh Fleet was strong enough to defeat both the weakened Center Force and the two sections of the Southern Force. Such was the danger of divided command. MacArthur and his Seventh Fleet commander, Kinkaid, believed that Halsey’s first duty was to protect the invasion convoy and the troops ashore. But Halsey and his Third Fleet were responsible only to Nimitz, who had clearly instructed him that his “primary task” was the destruction of the enemy whenever he had the chance. The San Bernardino Strait was not guarded, and no one knew it.

As Halsey and his ships raced north through the night in pursuit of Ozawa’s decoy carriers, Kurita, who had turned his battered but still-potent Center Force around again, was once more threading his way through the interior waterways toward San Bernardino, heading for the open sea and Leyte Gulf.

Sources:

Crisis in the Pacific by Gerald Astor

The Pacific War by William B. Hopkins

Return to the Philippines, WWII by Rafael Steinberg

The Battle of Leyte Gulf – Part 2

 

The bridge of Musashi

The messages from the Dace and the Darter, warning of the advance of Kurita’s fleet, began arriving in Flag Plot aboard USS New Jersey at 6:20 am on Oct. 23. Halsey and his staff pondered the significance of the sightings by the two submarines.

Halsey was not the only fleet commander tracking the Japanese movements. The Seventh Fleet –  “MacArthur’s Navy” – of old battleships and small “jeep” carriers floated off the invasion beach, supporting the landings with gunfire,  strafing, and bombing runs. Aboard his flagship at anchor in Leyte Gulf, Adm. Thomas Kinkaid, the commander of the Seventh Fleet, weighed in with his prediction. In a message to all commanders (MacArthur, King, Nimitz, and Halsey) sent shortly after 10:00 am, Kinkaid suggested that the Japanese warships were headed to the Philippines to stage what Kinkaid called a “magnified Tokyo Express.” Kinkaid suggested that by sea, under cover of night, the Japanese were planning to run reinforcements to their troops battling the invading American forces at Leyte.

To counter the Japanese, Nimitz directed all Pacific Fleet units to cover and support forces of the southwest Pacific in the seizure of Leyte. The 3rd Fleet was directed “to destroy enemy naval and air forces in or threatening the Philippine area”. Halsey’s instructions included one sentence that later caused considerable controversy. It read, “In case opportunity for destruction of major portion of the enemy fleet offer or can be created, such destruction becomes the primary task.”

Halsey concluded that the Japanese were running some kind of Tokyo Express but he wondered where were the Japanese carriers. The submarines had spotted battleships but no carriers. Worried about his pilots so exhausted, he ordered one of the carrier groups, Adm. John S. McCain’s Task Group 38.1, to continue to Ulithi to resupply and R&R. McCain’s five ships carried roughly 400 or two-fifths of the Third Fleet’s 1000 warplanes. Halsey felt confident that he had enough to handle a “magnificent Tokyo Express.” He ordered the remaining carrier groups to close on the Philippine shore and prepare for action.

At dawn on Oct. 24, the Third Fleet sent search flights racing to the west, looking for the Japanese ships. At 8:20, came the first report from Lt. Bill Verity, “I see ’em! Big ships!” Two minutes later, Cdr. Mort Eslick gave a count of 25 ships off the southern tip of Mindoro. Halsey took no time in deciding what to do. Officially, Halsey was overall commander of the Third Fleet, but “tactical” control of the fast carrier task force belonged to Adm. Marc Mitscher. At 8:37 am. Halsey, in his best radio voice, commanded: “Strike! Repeat: Strike! Good luck!”

At 8:46 am, Halsey ordered Admiral McCain’s carrier group to reverse course and prepare to refuel at sea. Halsey realized he would need all of his carrier planes. McCain’s force was already 600 miles away. It would take him more than a day to return.

At 8:20, standing on the bridge of the Yamato, Admiral Kurita sighted three American planes to the north. The tension rose on the bridge. After the sinking of the Atago and the Maya the day before, lookouts were on edge and saw periscopes everywhere.

At last, shortly after 10:30 am, the Americans arrived in full force. Thirty planes (Hellcats, Helldivers, and Avengers could be seen breaking tight formation as the bombers commenced their runs. The American planes fearlessly bore in, bombing or just flying low and straight on their torpedo runs.

At noon, the Americans came again. Enormous geysers erupted around the Musashi as a pair of torpedoes buried their heads in her bow. Water was now slowly flooding the Musashi’s forward compartments. From the high bridge of the Yamato, Admiral Kurita watched wordlessly as the American planes broke off their attack and disappeared back over the eastern horizon. He knew that more were coming. Admiral Nishimura, scheduled to advance on Leyte through Surigao Strait, was reporting that he, too, was under attack. Kurita had not heard a word from Admiral Ozawa, whose decoy fleet was supposedly luring away Halsey’s carriers somewhere to the north – though not very effectively, judging from the swarms of American carrier planes descending on Kurita’s ships.

Kurita had been radioing Combined Fleet headquarters in Tokyo and First Air Fleet headquarters in Manila since 8:00 am, requesting air cover, but he had received no response. He decided to send a message to his superiors. It was a request for information in a classically Japanese roundabout way to shame them, but he received no answer either.

Musashi departing Brunei in October 1944

At 3:10 in the afternoon, a fifth wave of American planes descended on the Japanese fleet. It was the biggest attack yet, about a hundred planes. They circled the Musashi. Bomb hits sprayed shrapnel across the decks, cutting down sailors who wore hachimaki “victory” headbands, patterned after the white clothes that ancient samurai wore around their heads, signifying their expectation of death. (American sailors, by contrast, wore metal helmets.) A bomb tore through the bridge of Musashi, killing most of the officers. Admiral Inoguchi was spared. But shrapnel swept across the observation tower where he was, slicing into his shoulder. The ship was by now almost helpless, decks awash.

On the afternoon of Oct. 24, Musashi reeled under a crushing nineteen torpedoes and seventeen bomb blasts. When she finally rolled over and sank, Musashi carried more than 1,000 officers and sailors, almost half the Musashi’s crew to their watery graves. In addition to sinking the Musashi and crippling the cruiser Myoko, the day-long attacks had damaged the Yamato and two other battleships.

On the bridge of the Yamato, Kurita’s staff knew the fleet was in trouble. Captain Otani, Kurita’s operations officer, urged his commander to turn the fleet around. He reasoned that before darkness, the Americans could launch another three attacks. Kurita listened impassively and finally nodded his assent.

Still powerful with his galaxy of battleships, cruisers, and destroyers, Admiral Kurita temporarily halted his voyage toward Leyte in hopes that forays of land-based aircraft might drive off the American carriers or protect his fleet from the deadly stings of the American planes. Unfortunately, there were no planes available to support Kurita.

To be continued . . .

Note: Researchers led by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, aboard Allen’s motor yacht, the M.Y. Octopus, had located the imperial Japanese Navy battleship, Musashi, at a depth of approximately 3,280 feet (one kilometer) in Philippine waters on March 2, 2015. The 73,000-ton (66,224 metric tons) Musashi and sister ship Yamato were the largest battleships the world has ever known.

Sources:

The Pacific War by William B. Hopkins

Sea of Thunder by Evan Thomas

HOW THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS WERE FORMED

The Philippines is a country full of legends. Filipinos love legends and myths, and they believe in superstitions. The legend of the sea and the sky is one of them.

 

 

Several million years ago, there was nothing but the enormous sea and the expansive sky. In the vast emptiness, a cunning bird came and saw the calmness of the sea and the beauty of the glorious sky. At first, the bird thought it was a pleasant, beautiful, and incredibly peaceful place. The bird watched it every day, flying over the wave year in and year out. A few years passed, and one day, the bird became restless because the scenery was the same all the time, day in and day out, and it started to get monotonous and boring. The bird thought what a waste it was. The bird also needed a place to land and rest its weary wings. The bird kept on thinking about what it could do to make the place more interesting. For days, the bird could not think of anything else. It kept thinking, thinking hard, and then thinking even harder. The bird had to do something to break the monotony.

One day, a light flashed into its tiny head. “What a great idea,” the bird shouted aloud. “Maybe I can do something to create a confrontation between the quiet sea and the blue sky. I can make them quarrel with each other. I can drop a seed on the sea in the hope of opening up dry land. But where would I get the seed? There was nothing here. I could fly to some distant shore. That’s what I would do.” And so the bird did what he wanted to do.

The bird flew away to distant places, looking for the right seed. It took the bird a long time, but he found the precious seed at some distant shore. The bird returned and executed what it thought was a brilliant idea. The bird felt smugly at the prospect of what would happen next. Just as expected, the sea saw the seed begin to sprout and thought it was the sky that did it. The sea, angry at the sky, spouted a tremendous amount of foaming waves into the sky, and the sky, in turn, grumbled and spat down tons and tons of rocks and dirt to stop the crashing waves of the sea. As the sky grew wetter and wetter, it retaliated with violent thunder, blinding flashes of lightning, and more boulders and rocks crashing into the sea. It went on for days.

Finally, bombarded by the sheer number and weight of the rocks and dirt, the sea gave up and retreated. When things quieted down, the bird knew it had achieved its goal and was ecstatic. The bird landed on the small island formed by boulders and rocks, and the Philippine archipelago was born.

 

 

In truth, there was only the vast body of water, the mighty ocean, which would later be called the Pacific Ocean, and the encompassing sky above it in the beginning. At that time, the Philippine tectonic plate sat squeezed between the vast Pacific and Asiatic plates.

 

Geologically speaking, the Philippine archipelago was formed by volcanic eruptions beneath the sea and the buckling of the Earth’s crust when two tectonic plates collided approximately 65 million years ago. When the world’s largest and much heavier Pacific Plate moved under the smaller Philippine Plate, the Philippine Plate buckled under the tectonic pressure, pushing land masses. Northern Luzon sat on the western edge of the Philippine Plate, while the remaining islands rested on the eastern edge of the Asiatic Plate. The southward movement of the Asian landmass formed the shallow China Sea and crumpled the edge of the continental shelf. The crests of the folds produced in the submerged ridge created the elongated mountain ranges of the Northern Philippine islands. Fissures formed, and from the bottom of the immense ancient ocean, a vast amount of trapped molten material deep in the Earth spewed up in horrendous volcanic eruptions. Continuous volcanic activities pushed up and spewed forth billions of cubic meters of ash and molten lava, adding their enormous debris across the landscape. Islands were formed, and the Philippine archipelago was born.

 

A number of the archipelago’s islands continued to grow and rise from the depths of the ocean floor. Monsoonal climates exhibit noticeable summer rainfall peaks and winter dry seasons. Winds tore down at mountain ranges, and ocean storms ripped at tiny islands on every side by huge waves. The islands were periodically subjected to strong typhoons, devastating floods, and volcanic eruptions. Strong earthquakes have also occurred periodically. These climatic occurrences had been happening constantly for centuries before humans discovered the islands. All these elements, along with the ongoing erosion, contributed to the shaping and reshaping of the Philippine archipelago. Luzon was torn away from Taiwan, the Visayas from Luzon, Mindanao from the Visayas, Borneo from Mindanao, and the Sulu Archipelago from Mindanao and Borneo.

 

A narrow belt running southeast from Zambales Province to Legaspi in Albay Province roughly follows the boundary between the two plates. This belt contains the most vigorous of the Philippines’ two dozen active volcanoes, including Mt. Pinatubo in Tarlac, Taal Volcano in Batangas, Mt. Banahaw in Quezon, and Mayon Volcano in Albay. Mayon Volcano is the most beautiful of them all and is recognized as the most perfectly formed volcanic cone in the world, rising to a height of 9,000 feet above the Albay Gulf.

 

The Philippines lies on the volatile Pacific “Ring of Fire,” and most of the highest mountains are volcanic in origin. There are about 50 volcanoes scattered about the archipelago, 22 of which are still active. These volcanoes can erupt with great explosive force at times, spreading ash and devastation for miles around. Taal Volcano, the lowest volcano in the world, erupted for 200 days from May 15 to December 1, 1754, its greatest recorded eruption. Mt. Pinatubo, about 100 kilometers northwest of Manila, angrily woke up from its 600-year slumber on June 12, 1991, and earned the reputation as the most devastating volcanic eruption of the 20th century, killing more than 1,000 people and raining volcanic ash everywhere nearby. Mayon in southern Luzon has erupted 47 times since 1616. The deadliest, in 1814, killed more than 1200 people and partly destroyed the Cagsawa Church and buried a village. The most recent deadly event was a two-month-long eruption in February 1993, sending volcanic debris five kilometers into the air and killing 70 people, including a group of volcanologists. On January 22, 2018, the Mayon Volcano was placed under Alert Level 4 after it spewed a massive ash column, extending the danger zone around the volcano to 8 kilometers from the crater.

 

However, these eruptions bring great soil fertility to the area. Over 10,000 species of plants grow in the Philippines, with more than 1,000 orchid species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world.

 

 

Sources:

Insight Guide Philippines – Discovery Channel

  

The Philippines - A Tropical Paradise

 

 What do you know about the Philippines?

Here is a glimpse of the Philippines, its geography, and its natural beauty.

 

The Philippines is a tropical paradise in Southeast Asia, boasting spectacular beaches lined with gently swaying palm trees on fine white, pink, and in some areas, almost black sand. Some islands are well-known, while others remain deserted and undiscovered, home to underwater wrecks such as Spanish galleons, Chinese junks, and warships surrounded by vast expanses of verdant landscapes and classic Baroque churches. 

Photo Credit – en.wikipedia.org

 

The Philippine Islands, consisting of about 7,100 separate islands primarily of volcanic origin, are traversed from north to south by irregular mountain ranges that span more than 1,100 miles (1,850 kilometers) from north to south and nearly 700 miles (1,100 kilometers) east to west at their widest. The total land area is approximately 115,000 square miles (roughly 300,439 square kilometers), slightly larger than New Zealand and comparable in size to the state of Arizona. Approximately two-thirds is contained in Luzon and Mindanao. The total water surface of the archipelago is 705,115 square miles.

 

The Philippines consists of three main island groupings: Luzon, located in the north, which includes the islands of Mindoro and Palawan; the Visayan Islands in the middle; and Mindanao, in the south,  which includes the Sulu archipelago.

 

The islands are located within the Pacific volcanic belt, are very mountainous, with a comparatively small area of lowland. The islands are subject to floods, typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Some volcanoes of interest are Taal, the world’s lowest volcano, and Mt. Mayon, recognized as the most perfectly formed volcano cone in the world, both of which exhibit many indications of recent eruptive disturbances. The larger islands have high, rugged, mountainous interiors, mainly comprising ranges that run north to south, with peaks emerging above hills and valleys. The main mountain ranges are the Cordillera Central on the western side and the Sierra Madre on the eastern side, both running north to south, roughly parallel to the coastline of Luzon. The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo, which stands at 2,954 meters (9,600 feet) high in Mindanao. Slightly smaller is Mt. Pulog at 2,928 meters (8,481 feet) in northern Luzon. In some places, the mountains drop steeply to the sea.

 

Scattered between the Pacific Ocean on the east and the South China Sea on the west, Balintang Channel on the north, and Celebes Sea on the south, the islands of the Philippines form an archipelago almost as large as that of Japan proper. The most oversized island and farthest north, Luzon at 40,410 square miles (104,688 square kilometers), occupies 35 per cent of the nation’s total land area, and is surrounded by numerous islands and islets. It is about 105 kilometers (500 miles) from Taiwan and about 1,250 miles from Australia. The Philippine Trench (also known as the Mindanao Deep), the world’s deepest spot at 10,057 meters (32,995 feet) deep, is located 60 kilometers (37.28 miles) off its southeast shores. Mindanao is the second-largest island in the Philippines, located in its southern region. Many islands have extensive coral reefs offshore.

The ten largest islands are Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu, and Bohol. All but 460 out of the 7,100 islands occupy areas of less than one square mile apiece. Only 46 are larger than 62 square miles (100 square kilometers). Many of the 7,100 islands are little more than rocks, reefs, or sandbanks. They are mere specks on the ocean. Some 4,600 are named and about 1,000 are inhabited. The Philippine Islands have a total coastline of approximately 11,500 miles (18,000 kilometers). There are hundreds of rivers and bays. Manila Bay is the main port.

 

The Philippine Islands lie wholly within the tropics, between latitudes five degrees and fifteen degrees north of the Equator, so that if they could be brought straight across the Pacific to the American continents, they would extend from the middle of Mexico to the middle of Colombia in South America.

 

The Philippines has a complex weather pattern. It has a moist tropical climate. The Philippines is hot and humid year-round, with seasons determined by the prevailing winds. The eastern parts of the Philippines receive their heaviest rainfall from November to June, while the western parts of the Philippines experience heavy rain from June to November. Rainfall can average seventy inches a year, with some areas receiving as much as two hundred inches, especially during the monsoon season between October and April. Climate varies by region, but one can escape the heat by moving to higher elevations, such as Baguio, located at an elevation of 1,524 meters, making it the summer capital.

 

There are numerous mineral deposits, including gold, coal, and iron, in various locations. The volcanic soils of the Philippines foster a rich and varied growth of plants. Much of the archipelago is covered with thick jungle, featuring diverse tropical vegetation, particularly in the mountainous interiors. Rugged ridges of hills and steep mountain ranges dot the countryside. Tropical rainforests give way to open parklands. The area outside the equatorial belt, particularly north of the Equator, is also subject to devastating periodic typhoons. Swift-flowing streams during the rainy season turn into deep arid gullies during the hot, dry season.

 

Rivers flowing from the highlands water the extremely fertile soil of the agricultural lowlands. Rice paddies, vast swamps, coconut plantations, sugar plantations, and tobacco plantations abound. Coconut trees, the Philippines’ most important tree, are everywhere. It is used for coconut wine, coconut milk, coconut meat, and coconut heart for making lumpia (egg roll) and salad. Coconut oil is used for cooking, and coconut wood is used for building materials. There are hardwood trees, including ebony, teak, and cypress, suitable for building and making furniture. Rattan and bamboo abound. Nipa palms are used for roofing materials. Beautiful mahogany and narra are very special woods for making furniture.

Photo Credit of Durian – smithsonianmag.com

 

The Island also produces an abundance of delicious tropical fruits. Mangoes, avocados, papayas, guavas, lanzones, chico, duhat, siniguelas, langka, and the hugely stinking durian are some of the more popular and exotic fruits. Breadfruit and bananas can also be found in the Philippines, with the former being used to make barkcloth as well. There were two major species of bananas grown, the Musa troglodytarum with a vertical fruit stalk and the more familiar-looking Musa sapientum, whose fruit stalk bends downward.

Photo Credit of Waling-Waling Orchid - YouTube

 

Botanists have discovered more than 12,000 different species of plants. Orchids thrive here. The 1,000 orchid species include the popular waling-waling orchid of western Mindanao. Sampaguita, the white, sweet-smelling national flower, frangipani, bougainvillea, and hibiscus also abound. In addition, more than 1,000 species of ferns and over 8,000 plant species bloom, decorating the country with an array of colors and fragrant scents. At least 130 species of Philippine fauna now stand on the United Nations’ list of endangered and threatened species.

 

Some fifty years ago, forests, conservatively valued at $20 billion at the time, covered more than 53 percent of the islands. Hungry for foreign currency, commercial logging was a nationally prioritized industry from the 1950s to the 1970s. The Estrada administration banned commercial logging, but by that time, more than 70 percent of the nation’s original forests had already been destroyed.

 

The Philippines is Asia’s best-kept secret diving haven. Luzon’s most accessible dive area is Anilao in Batangas, a few hours’ drive south of Manila. Across the strait from Anilao lies Puerto Galera in Mindoro, renowned for its rewarding sports diving. In northern Luzon, divers can visit several World War II wrecks in Subic Bay. The famed 19^th-century dreadnought USS New York lies in 90 feet of water, with El Capitan, a 430-foot freighter, submerged just 40 feet below. Coron Bay, off northern Palawan’s Calamian Island, features some of the Philippines’ best wrecks. The dozen accessible wrecks comprise a fleet of supply ships for Japanese Naval Admiral Kurita, sunk during the October 1944 battle of Leyte Gulf.

 

Sources:

Compton’s Pictured Encyclopedia

Insight Guide Philippines – APA Publications

Philippines Traveler’s Companion - Kirsten Ellis

Philippines Handbook – Carl Parkes

The Philippines - John Cockcroft

Wikipedia