tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89316463668936378442024-03-14T06:29:44.394-07:00Writer's Musings by Rosalinda MorganMy mind is a storage of ideas and I want to share them with the world to educate, motivate and inspire people. Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-69102099551060744162023-07-02T07:08:00.000-07:002023-07-02T07:08:11.797-07:00On Writings - Quote 1<p><i><span style="font-family: "Georgia",serif; font-size: 22.5pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJHmjXnVyJMcjVb03_XDKZt_JbKq31gQLNutE0KV1O8vZKOYu2B3uIztimezNAIF8nno12FprSnBKsRe_8T9r-J7ymHFtE5MZoiqyaOTbs_YSCYWyUGJXqmRUB4b7QcKH22jswYhOQIfEhu45TdAx5BqLDY0Itblftgge2XijDsZqhHewTZNGkBbu07-RI/s1200/stencil.default%20(73).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="399" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJHmjXnVyJMcjVb03_XDKZt_JbKq31gQLNutE0KV1O8vZKOYu2B3uIztimezNAIF8nno12FprSnBKsRe_8T9r-J7ymHFtE5MZoiqyaOTbs_YSCYWyUGJXqmRUB4b7QcKH22jswYhOQIfEhu45TdAx5BqLDY0Itblftgge2XijDsZqhHewTZNGkBbu07-RI/w599-h399/stencil.default%20(73).jpg" width="599" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We are halfway through the year. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If you are still staring at your computer, get your hands on the keyboard and start punching the keys. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If you are in the middle of your writing, keep on going.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">You have 183 days left in the year.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If you write a page a day or about 500 pages a day, you can have a novella by the end of the year.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">If you are in the middle of a book, you'll be able to finish it before the year ends.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">So, stay focused. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rosalinda</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The Rose Lady turned Author</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDZzQmakHjAdtSn3pEF7762760h07Iggj2edfUl4s2QDPVEJ_OqIPcZLvx7O8IcicDMeRhNhpVWCtcHGVKZvrJVVA2oowriVIJi622S0ZOfjtlSGaldzNZTIXuEaY3Cgd6UEMicRTuc4znPvgirnj455FDZ2BvHFDzVhtQRzKLz0o9-zpwDiaOzL3Oq5YG/s538/Logo%20Author%20Rosalind%20(2).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="538" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDZzQmakHjAdtSn3pEF7762760h07Iggj2edfUl4s2QDPVEJ_OqIPcZLvx7O8IcicDMeRhNhpVWCtcHGVKZvrJVVA2oowriVIJi622S0ZOfjtlSGaldzNZTIXuEaY3Cgd6UEMicRTuc4znPvgirnj455FDZ2BvHFDzVhtQRzKLz0o9-zpwDiaOzL3Oq5YG/w120-h117/Logo%20Author%20Rosalind%20(2).png" width="120" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> </div><br /><p><br /></p>Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-2944921107335424072020-10-21T20:12:00.000-07:002020-10-21T20:12:54.346-07:00Battle of Leyte Gulf - Part 1<p> </p><header class="entry-header" style="background-color: #dee4dc; box-sizing: inherit; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", serif; font-size: 20.8px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"><div class="entry-meta" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 20.8px;">The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the last great naval confrontation in history and the largest naval battle of World War II in term of ships and men. It was fought from Oct. 23 to 26, 1944, between combined American and Australian forces and Imperial Japanese Navy in the waters off the Philippines. The battle was immense, involving four separate engagements/battles extending over hundreds of miles, between fleets that included 35 large and small aircraft carriers, 21 battleships, 34 cruisers and hundreds of destroyers, along with submarines and motor torpedo boats and more than 1,700 aircraft with over 200,000 naval personnel involved. As part of the invasion of Leyte, it aimed to isolate Japan from the countries it had occupied in Southeast Asia which were a vital source of industrial and oil supplies.</span></div></header><div class="entry-content" style="background-color: #dee4dc; box-sizing: inherit; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: "Libre Baskerville", serif; font-size: 20.8px; margin: 1.5em 0px 0px;"><div class="wp-block-image" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em;"><figure class="aligncenter size-large" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; display: table; margin: 0.75em auto;"><img alt="A close up of a map
Description automatically generated" class="wp-image-970" data-attachment-id="970" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="leyte-map-from-wikipedia-1" data-large-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/leyte-map-from-wikipedia-1.jpg?w=413" data-medium-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/leyte-map-from-wikipedia-1.jpg?w=207" data-orig-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/leyte-map-from-wikipedia-1.jpg" data-orig-size="413,600" data-permalink="https://subliblog.wordpress.com/leyte-map-from-wikipedia-1/" sizes="(max-width: 413px) 100vw, 413px" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/leyte-map-from-wikipedia-1.jpg?w=413" srcset="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/leyte-map-from-wikipedia-1.jpg 413w, https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/leyte-map-from-wikipedia-1.jpg?w=103 103w, https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/leyte-map-from-wikipedia-1.jpg?w=207 207w" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /></figure></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">The Battle of Leyte Gulf consisted of four main separate engagements:</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">1 – Battle of the Sibuyan Sea</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">2 – Battle of Surigao Strait</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">3 – Battle of (or ‘off) Cape Engaño</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">4 – Battle off Samar.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">On the map, Leyte Gulf is north of 2 and west of 4. The island of Leyte is west of the gulf. The battle was precipitated by a U.S. amphibious assault on the central Philippines Island of Leyte on Oct. 20.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">By the time of the battle, Japan had fewer capital ships (aircraft carriers and battleships) left than the Allied forces had total aircraft carriers, underscoring the disparity in force strength at this point in the war. Regardless, the IJN mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels in an attempt to defeat the Allied invasion, but it was repulsed by the U.S. Navy’s Third Fleet under the command of Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr. and Seventh Fleet under the command of Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid.</p><div class="wp-block-image" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em;"><figure class="aligncenter size-large" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; display: table; margin: 0.75em auto;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-971" data-attachment-id="971" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"File written by Adobe Photoshop? 4.0","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"File written by Adobe Photoshop? 4.0","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="File written by Adobe Photoshop? 4.0" data-large-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/halsey-2.jpg?w=110" data-medium-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/halsey-2.jpg?w=110" data-orig-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/halsey-2.jpg" data-orig-size="110,137" data-permalink="https://subliblog.wordpress.com/file-written-by-adobe-photoshop-4-0-3/" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/halsey-2.jpg?w=110" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: inherit; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em;">Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr.</figcaption></figure></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:W_Halsey.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4f6420; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s; word-break: break-word;"></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"></p><div class="wp-block-image" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em;"><figure class="aligncenter size-large" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; display: table; margin: 0.75em auto;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-972" data-attachment-id="972" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="kinkaid-1" data-large-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/kinkaid-1.jpg?w=110" data-medium-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/kinkaid-1.jpg?w=110" data-orig-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/kinkaid-1.jpg" data-orig-size="110,138" data-permalink="https://subliblog.wordpress.com/kinkaid-1/" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/kinkaid-1.jpg?w=110" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: inherit; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em;">Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid</figcaption></figure></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_C._Kinkaid;h84675.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4f6420; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s; word-break: break-word;"></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">After the Battle of the Philippine Sea where the U.S. Navy destroyed three Japanese aircraft carriers, damaged other ships, and shot down approximately 600 Japanese aircraft, leaving the IJN with very little carrier-borne air power and few experienced pilots, the Japanese naval staff began designing a plan for the next battle named Sho-Go or Victory Operation. Four Sho-Go plans were developed depending on strike location. The plan for the attack on Leyte Gulf called for three naval forces to converge on the landing area. The Northern Force, under Vice Adm. Jisaburo Ozawa, would advance on Leyte from the north in an attempt to lure away the American 3<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20.28px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">rd</span> Fleet. The main striking force, called the Center Force commanded by Vice Adm. Takeo Kurita, would come through the San Bernardino Strait to the east of Samar, then converge on the ships in Leyte Gulf. This force was composed of twenty-five warships, including the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Yamato</em> and the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Musashi</em>, the largest battleships afloat. The remaining ships, designated as the Southern Force were under the control of Vice Adm. Shoji Nishimura, who had at his command two older battleships, the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Fuso</em> and the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Yamashiro</em>; one heavy cruiser, and four destroyers. Vice Adm. Kiyohide Shima’s 2<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20.28px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">nd</span> Striking Force, consisting of two heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, and seven destroyers, would join Nishimura.</p><div class="wp-block-image" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1em;"><figure class="aligncenter size-large" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; display: table; margin: 0.75em auto;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-973" data-attachment-id="973" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="kurita-1" data-large-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/kurita-1.jpg?w=220" data-medium-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/kurita-1.jpg?w=220" data-orig-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/kurita-1.jpg" data-orig-size="220,247" data-permalink="https://subliblog.wordpress.com/kurita-1/" sizes="(max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/kurita-1.jpg?w=220" srcset="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/kurita-1.jpg 220w, https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/10/kurita-1.jpg?w=134 134w" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" /><figcaption style="box-sizing: inherit; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em;">Japanese Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita</figcaption></figure></div><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurita.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4f6420; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease 0s; word-break: break-word;"></a></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">On Oct. 22 at 8:00 am, the first elements of the First Diversionary Striking Force sailed from Brunei Bay. Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita was in the lead in <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Atago</em>. He did not want to be aboard her. Before the battle, Kurita had wanted to transfer with his flag and staff to a superbattleship, either <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Yamato</em> or <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Musashi, </em>both of which had better communications gear than the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Atago.</em> But tradition ruled. Kurita was reminded by headquarters that the proper flagship for a striking fleet was a cruiser, to lead night torpedo attacks.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">At the tip of Borneo, the great fleet divided. Admiral Nishimura, the southern arm of the Sho-Go pincer, turned east with his detachment of two battleships, a cruiser, and four destroyers and made for Surigao Strait, the southern entrance to Leyte Gulf. Kurita and the main body continued north on its slow and winding journey to the San Bernardino Strait. Kurita’s course on the first day took him just west of Palawan. The Palawan Passage was only about twenty to thirty miles wide, perfect for a submarine ambush.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">His attack force, the strongest to be deployed, was the first to arrive in the Philippines. Two American submarines, the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Darter </em>and the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Dace</em> sighted the 1<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20.28px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">st</span> Attack Force heading for the San Bernardino Strait on the morning of Oct. 23 and closed in for the kill.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Darter</em> and <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Dace</em> traveled on the surface at full power for several hours and gained a position ahead of Kurita’s formation, with the intention of making a submerged attack at first light. This attack was unusually successful. At 05:24, <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Darter</em> fired a salvo of six torpedoes, at least four of which hit Kurita’s flagship, the heavy cruiser <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Atago</em>. Ten minutes later, <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Darter</em> made two hits on <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Atago</em>‘s sister ship, <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Takao</em>, with another spread of torpedoes. At 05:56, <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Dace</em> made four torpedo hits on the heavy cruiser <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Maya</em>. <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Atago</em> and <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Maya</em> quickly sank. As the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Atago</em>’s bow began to settle and she heeled over, Kurita announced, “This is it.” He turned to Captain Araki, the commanding officer of the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Atago</em>, and said simply, “It’s time to go.” He took off his shoes and was the first one over the side and into the water. He was rescued by the Japanese destroyer <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Kishinami</em>, and then later transferred to the battleship <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Yamato</em>. A total of 350 officers and men were lost on <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Atago, </em>Kurita’s flagship. She was gone, sunk in nineteen minutes.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">However, Darter and Dace could not stop the gigantic fleet, which included five battleships, among them two of the most powerful in the world, <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Musashi</em> and <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Yamato.</em> Switching Kurita’s flag to <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Yamato</em>, the shaken but implacable Kurita headed for San Bernardino Strait.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Two heavy cruisers were badly damaged: <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Aoba</em>, which was towed to Manila Bay and <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Takao</em>, which made its way back to Brunei Bay, escorted by two destroyers, and was followed by the two submarines.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">On October 24, as the submarines continued to shadow the damaged cruiser, <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Darter</em> ran aground on the Bombay Shoal. All efforts to get her off failed. She was abandoned and her entire crew was rescued by <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Dace</em>. Efforts to scuttle <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Darter</em> failed over the course of the next week, including torpedoes from <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Dace</em> and <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Rock</em> (a Gato-class submarine named for the rock, a striped bass found in the Chesapeake Bay) and deck-gun shelling from <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Dace</em> and later, <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Nautilus</em>. After multiple hits from his 6-inch deck guns, the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Nautilus</em> commander determined on October 31 that the equipment on <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Darter</em> was only good for scrap and left her there. The Japanese did not bother with the wreck. <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Takao</em> retired to Singapore, being joined in January 1945 by <em style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Myōkō</em>, as the Japanese deemed both crippled cruisers irreparable and left them moored in the harbor as floating anti-aircraft batteries.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">To be continued . . .</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"></p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Sources:</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">The Pacific War by William B. Hopkins</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">The Story of World War II by Donald L. Miller</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">Sea of Thunder by Evan Thomas</p></div>Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-6081450313359007712020-02-16T16:32:00.000-08:002020-02-16T16:32:07.982-08:00Battle of Bankusay Channel and Macabebe<div aria-label="Editor content" class="edit-post-editor-regions__content" role="region" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #444444; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; font-family: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,&quot; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; overflow: auto; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" tabindex="-1">
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<dt class="wp-caption-dt" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><img alt="Battle of Bankusay" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-681" data-mce-src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/02/battle-of-bankusay.jpg" height="376" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/02/battle-of-bankusay.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="550" /></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">Battle of Bankusay, Painting by Dan Dizon. Courtesy of JDN Center for Kapampangan Studies. </dd></dl>
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Bankusay refers to the Bankusay creek located off the north shore of Manila Bay. It was here where the bloody Battle of Bankusay took place in 1571, a battle which would immortalize the heroism and extraordinary courage of a young warrior whose name continues to elude the Filipino consciousness.</div>
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While several Filipino patriots sacrificed their lives and performed heroic deeds to free the Filipinos from foreign oppressors, some events and people remained unsung, not given proper credit or merely forgotten. Among the battles fought by Filipinos that seemed unremembered was the Battle of Bankusay on June 3, 1571. It was a naval engagement that marked the last or if not one of the last resistance of the natives against the Spanish Empire’s occupation and colonization of the Pasig River delta which had been the site of the indigenous polities of Maynila and Tondo.</div>
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<dt class="wp-caption-dt" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><img alt="Bambalito" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-682" data-mce-src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/02/bambalito.jpg" height="631" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/02/bambalito.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="450" /></dt>
<dd class="wp-caption-dd" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">Bambalito of Macabebe. Painting by Daniel H. Dizon. </dd></dl>
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Macabebe, an ancient town in the province of Pampanga is geographically situated along the shores of Pampanga River (<em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Rio Grande de la Pampanga</em>). The river’s routes and its northern tributaries provided the pathways to the early major settlements in Pampanga. Some called it Macabibi because the river was abundantly grown with corals and shells (<em style="box-sizing: inherit;">bibi</em>) during the early times. The Macabebes were originally known as Kapampangans. During the Spanish Colonial period in the Philippines, Macabebe was considered one of the oldest and most important communities of Pampanga.</div>
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While it is not highlighted in Philippine history, the first Filipino martyr who fought for freedom against the Spanish rule was a Kapampangan, (a native of Pampanga Province) and a Macabebe in particular. When Spanish forces under the leadership of Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi landed on the shores of Manila in June 1571, the Tagalog chiefs namely Rajah Matanda, Lakan Dula and Rajah Soliman welcomed them.</div>
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Not too distant from Manila was the pre-Hispanic Kapampangan settlement ruled by a young datu who would be known in history as Tarik Soliman or Sulaiman. When Legaspi sent out word to the chiefs of the surrounding country demanding that they too pay allegiance to the king of Spain, it was Tarik Soliman, a Macabebe who raised a fist of defiance against the invaders.</div>
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Tarik Soliman also called Bambalito, the chief of Macabebe tribe, exploded with fury and refused to be friends to the Castillians. He called on the chieftains of Pampanga and Bulacan to join forces with him in driving the foreign devils away. A fleet of 40 <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">karakoas</em> (ancient warships) was assembled, each equipped with cannon. Tarik Soliman with his troops of 2,000 composed of Macabebe, Hagonoy of Bulacan and Kapampangan warriors set sail down Pampanga River to Manila on May 31, 1571.</div>
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He tried to convince Lakan Dula of Tondo to join his campaign but the latter had already pledge his loyalty to the Spaniards, together with Rajah Matanda and Rajah Soliman of Manila.</div>
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Upon their arrival, Legazpi sent two representatives to Lakan Dula’s camp where Tarik Soliman’s troop was to convince Tarik Soliman of their real intentions and talk him out of his plan of an all-out war against the Spaniards. Legazpi’s wishes fell on deaf ears. It dawned on Legazpi that the young Kapampangan warrior was really in the mood to fight so he immediately ordered his troop of 27 vessels, 280 Spaniards and 600 native allies to face the furious Pampanga warrior in Bankusay Channel in Tondo.</div>
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On June 3, 1571, a fierce battle ensued. Unfortunately, the native forces could not match the Spanish Army’s might. Bambalito was killed and the rest of his men escaped and fled. After their defeat in the Battle of Bankusay, the Macabebes and Manila natives were forced to accept Spanish sovereignty.</div>
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When peace was established, Legaspi was able to establish a municipal government for Manila on June 24, 1571 which eventually became the capital of the entire Spanish East Indies colony and subsequently the capital of the Philippines.</div>
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Kapampangans slowly submitted themselves to the colonizers, culminating in the declaration of <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">La Pampanga</em> as Spain’s first province in Luzon in December, 1571. The same people who once defied Spanish rule would later serve as mercenaries for the Spaniards. They would fight against the Chinese pirate Limahong, the Moros, the Dutch, and the British.</div>
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It should be noted that “Tarik Soliman" is not the real document name of our young Kapampangan hero. It first appeared as “Toric Soleiman” in Pedro Paterno’s <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Historia de Filipinos</em> and has since been widely used to prevent people from confusing him with Manila’s Rajah Soliman.</div>
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Tarik Soliman may not be the first documented hero who fought against the invaders (Lapu-Lapu holds that distinction), but he was the first martyr killed while fighting for their freedom.</div>
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So each time you read about Philippine heroes like Rizal, Bonifacio and Lapu-Lapu, remember that before the Spaniards completely deprived the Filipinos of their freedom, a young man, a brave hero and extraordinary warrior chose to stand up and fight for what he believed was right.</div>
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Sources: Wikipedia, The Manila Times - July 5, 2014, National Historical Commission of the Philippines Website</div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-48082595397959395382020-01-29T19:53:00.000-08:002020-01-29T19:53:15.108-08:00Wang Wanggao in search of Limahong<header class="entry-header" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #686868; display: block; font-family: &quot; font-size: 20.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1.5em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><h3 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: &quot; font-size: 2.8rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.37em; text-align: left;">
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</header><div class="entry-content" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #686868; font-family: &quot; font-size: 20.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1.5em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<div style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">The Viceroy of Fokien, having heard of Limahong’s daring exploits, had commissioned a ship of war to discover the whereabouts of Limahong, his imperial master’s old enemy.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Wang Wanggao, known in Spanish sources as Omocon, who was commissioned to capture Limahong dead or alive, arrived in Philippine waters and encountered the Spanish soldiers in Bolinao, Pangasinan.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #474747; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">The envoy was received with delight by the Spaniards. He was invited to accompany them to Manila to meet the Governor. Wang Wanggao went to Manila accompanied by Field Marshal Salcedo where the former was dined and entertained.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">To cap it all, the governor ordered Salcedo and the soldiers to deliver to Wang Wanggao all Chinese pirates captured in Pangasinan. Then he ordered everything necessary for the voyage to be fully prepared, which was done within a few days. In return for all this kindness, Wang Wanggao offered to take along with him to China some Augustinian friars to spread Roman Catholicisim. The Governor willingly accepted the offer. Wang Wanggao departed with two priests, Martin de Rada and Gerónimo Martin amidst the salvo of goodwill and friendship. The two priests were commissioned to carry a letter of greeting and presents to the Viceroy who received them with great distinction but objected to their residing in the country.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">According to Restituto Basa, author of Footnotes on Pangasinan History and The Story of Dagupan, Limahong married a certain Princess Kabontatala who helped him dig the channel. It’s still possible to see the “Limahong Channel” as it flows from Domalandan between Labrador and Lingayen to the sea. A marker has been placed at the channel commemorating his failed attempts to occupy Manila. A monument of Limahong can also be seen at the wharf in Barangay Lucap in Alaminos, Pangasinan. The Limahong Channel remains a tribute to their endeavor.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">On his escape, Limahong had to abandon the troops employed in this maneuver. Many of Limahong ’s people were unable to travel with the reduced fleet and joined the local population. Many Chinese left behind became the ancestors of numerous old mestizo families in Lingayen and Dagupan. Some of these men, losing all hope, and having indeed nothing but their lives to fight for, fled to the mountains to escape the clenched fist of the Spanish rule. Hence it is popularly supposed that from these fugitives descends the race of people in the hill district north of that province still distinguishable by their oblique eyes and known by the name of <b style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><i style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Igorrote-Chinese</i></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"> </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Today, many of the native Pangasinenses possess some tint of Chinese blood in their veins, and they are still distinguishable by their oblique eyes and light complexion. Many citizens of Lingayen and other towns in this part of the province and along the Agno River are of Chinese ancestry.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Meanwhile, Limahong and remnants of his forces were able to join up with Li Mao and Chen Dele to pirate the South China coast in 1589. After which, no more news was heard from him.</span></div>
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<b style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">References:</span></b></div>
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<i style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Philippine Guide by Jill & Rebecca Gale de Villa</span></i></div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<i style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Insight Philippines by Discovery Channel</span></i></div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<i style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Philippine Handbook by Carl Parkes</span></i></div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<i style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Wikipedia</span></i></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-3245686710729784962019-12-01T12:50:00.000-08:002019-12-01T12:50:49.617-08:00Limahong's Final Days in the Philippines<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #191e23; font-family: &quot; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 28px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #191e23; font-family: &quot; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 28px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">Limahong with his men constructed some boats inside the fort out of the half burnt remnants of his fleet which his men had brought into the fort at night without being detected by the Spaniards. The Chinese had made good use of the blockade also which lasted for three months by repairing the breaches on the walls and the damage of the fire which almost gutted his inner fort.</span></span></div>
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<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #191e23; font-family: &quot; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 28px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">Under such circumstances, Salcedo's effort to blockade the Chinese fort seemed to be fruitless. Neither side would take the risk of decisive operations and the war degenerated into skirmishes between small groups of Spaniards and some parties of Chinese going out for provisions or to cut wood.</span></span></div>
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<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #191e23; font-family: &quot; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 28px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">A Council of War was called to plan other means to expel the Chinese from their fort. It was decided that the Spanish force should retire to an island in the river to make their blockade more effective. The Chinese were exactly opposite the island, that is, they were north of it. But what is more interesting is the fact that the island was within cannon shot of the fort; and one morning the Chinese test-fired the captured "Vigilantibus" cannon on the camp and its projectile shattered the leg of Salcedo's standard bearer.</span></span></div>
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<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #191e23; font-family: &quot; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 28px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">As a last effort to cut down Limahong, Salcedo ordered his soldiers to drive stakes into the riverbed where Limahong's ships were sure to pass. While on both banks of the river, Salcedo also had his men hidden but ready to fight the pirates.</span></span></div>
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<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #191e23; font-family: &quot; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 28px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">During this same period, Limahong began the construction of thirty vessels within the fort, and as all his soldiers were good workmen, the project was completed on August 4, 1575. At noon, on the same day, he set sail for his country after having been besieged within the fortification for over four months. This event took the Spaniards by surprise. They were astonished to see Limahong sailing out of fort through a channel which was unknown to them. Limahong constructed this channel with the utmost secrecy without either the Spanish land or sea force hearing about it.</span></span></div>
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<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #191e23; font-family: &quot; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 28px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">Limahong reached the particular spot where the stakes were driven. Amidst blinding fires, Limahong had ropes fastened about the shoulders of his men and at the point of the sword, they were forced to go overboard. Then wrapping arms and legs about the stakes to act as human grappling hooks, the Chinese began their ugly job of pulling the stakes.</span></span></div>
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<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #191e23; font-family: &quot; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 28px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 28px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;">The Chinese in addition to being almost pulled limb to limb in an effort to dislodge the stakes, were subjected to the fires of the Spanish arms. With great difficulty, enough stakes were removed and the pirate ships escaped to the China Sea passing through the mouth of the Agno River between Lingayen and Labrador. Limahong slipped through, and made a wild dash for liberty out into the China Sea toward his former lair, reaching the island of Tocaotican</span><span style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black;"> where he had sought refuge and later died.</span></span></div>
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<em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Sources: Philippine Handbook by Carl Parkes</em></div>
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<em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Insight Philippines by Discovery Channel</em></div>
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<em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Philippine Guide by Jill & Rebecca Gale de Villa</em></div>
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<em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Wikipedia</em></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-36877157552619760392019-11-13T09:35:00.000-08:002019-11-13T09:35:48.162-08:00Limahong Invaded the Philippines – Part III
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Reblogged from Subliblog.com</h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpsUEvRiK3qXDguADWrn-iEnxZFlX7xdxvo3S3Rkpv1VGFzwBacBp6_XOfDtXToOhpndCdrLiyFGoyH2lKnTDCLOJEcrljk34j53s6YfGqTfpQPuG75URNtqcFg3lqtrRzoNL-mJ3tXdlB/s1600/limahong_port.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="390" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpsUEvRiK3qXDguADWrn-iEnxZFlX7xdxvo3S3Rkpv1VGFzwBacBp6_XOfDtXToOhpndCdrLiyFGoyH2lKnTDCLOJEcrljk34j53s6YfGqTfpQPuG75URNtqcFg3lqtrRzoNL-mJ3tXdlB/s400/limahong_port.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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Limahong Fort - Photo Credit: Watawat.net </h2>
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<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-614" data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_614" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; max-width: 100%; width: 390px;"><span style="color: #686868; font-family: "&quot",serif; font-size: 15.5pt; line-height: 125%;"></span><br />
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</figure><span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">Foiled in his attempt to establish a kingdom in Manila, Limahong
set sail for Lingayen Gulf, to settle in Pangasinan province. As a rich place
and far enough from the reach of the Spaniards and the Chinese emperor,
Limahong decided he would stay in Pangasinan and make himself master of the
region.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">In a few days he landed in Sual Bay
with 64 war junks and over 3,000 followers. He informed the natives that he had
conquered the Spaniards and that he had come to rule over them as their king.
The inhabitants there, having no particular choice between two masters,
welcomed Limahong.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">Limahong subjugated the inhabitants
and seized their principal chiefs, holding them hostage so that they supplied
him with wood and food as he set about the foundation of his new capital some
four miles from the mouth of Agno River. He constructed a fort consisting of an
outer palisade of palm logs and an inner enclosure of palm planks which
sheltered his palace. Feeling themselves secure in their new abode, the Chinese
had built pagodas and many dwelling places for permanent settlement.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">In the meantime, a scout ship had
been sent by Governor-General Guido de Lavezares to follow the pirate fleet and
it soon returned and reported where it had gone.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">An expedition of Spaniards and
Filipino troops, including the Lakandula of Tondo and his sons was dispatched
under the command of Juan Salcedo to expel the formidable foe. This was
composed of about 250 Spaniards and 1,600 natives well equipped with small
arms, ammunition and artillery. They set sail in 59 vessels for Lingayen on
March 23, 1575. Juan de Salcedo had been appointed Field Marshal in place of
Martin de Goiti. He was assisted by Captain Lorenzo Chacon, Pedro de Chavez,
and Gabriel de Rivera.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">In Pangasinan, some companies of
Pangasinan soldiers joined the army. They crossed the bar of the Agno River on
March 30, 1575, their presence unsuspected by the Chinese.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">On entering the river, Salcedo noted
a narrow place where the channel could easily be blocked. He stayed there in
order to prevent the escape of the pirates. He ordered Captain Gabriel de
Rivera and his company of 28 men to march immediately by land, and Captains
Pedro de Chavez and Lorenzo Chacon to sail with 9 small boats and 80 men to get
to the river and to capture the Chinese vessels. The time was to be appointed
so that both the land and the sea forces would arrive at the fort at the same
time and make assault so that they might be better successful in their purpose.
Salcedo was to remain behind with all the rest of the forces to await the
opportunity of furnishing aid in any emergency.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">The river detachment met 35 vessels
of the Chinese fleet sailing out to collect provisions. They were entirely
unaware of the presence of the Spaniards in the vicinity, and when the
Spaniards opened fire with their harquebuses, the pirates turned and fled
grounding the ships at the river bank near the fort and then jumping overboard
to escape the Spaniards, who outnumbered them ten to one.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">The balance of the Chinese fleet
which was just farther up the river was tied up near the river bank with only
the crews on board. When these sailors saw their comrades fleeing for their
lives, they followed, and the entire fleet was abandoned to the Spaniards.
During the melee, one of the vessels caught fire and before anything could be
done, the Chinese fleet of over 60 vessels was already in flames.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">The land party on the other hand,
had forced an entrance at the back of the port, capturing more than seventy
women whom they found within the palisade, besides killing more than one
hundred Chinese. Shortly after the Spaniards gained entrance the fort was put
into flames, whether by Chinese or by native auxiliaries could not be
determined.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">The river party joined in the attack
on the fort. But the flames blowing into the faces of the attackers made
progress difficult. The inner fort remained inviolate. The attackers stayed and
blockaded the inner fort with an aim to starve the Chinese occupants inside.
But thirst instead set in among them as the only water available in the fort
was from a small brackish well. Many of them left their ranks to collect loot
and slaves.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #686868; font-family: "inherit",serif; font-size: 15.5pt;">Sources: Philippine Handbook by Carl
Parkes<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />
Insight Philippines by Discovery Channel<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />
Philippine Guide by Jill & Rebecca Gale de Villa<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />
Wikipedia</span></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike>Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-91630105857200057862019-10-19T06:59:00.001-07:002019-10-19T06:59:31.656-07:00Six Ways to Immerse Your Reader in the Setting of a StoryReblogged from https://thewritepractice.com/story-setting/ by Joslyn Chase.<br />
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Imagine <em style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Shining</em> taking place in a shopping mall. Or the movie <em style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Se7en</em> set in sunny Florida. It just wouldn’t work. The setting of a story plays a vital part in the success of these stories, and it should in your stories, as well.</div>
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<img alt="6 Ways to Immerse Your Reader in the Setting of a Story" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-134472 lazyloaded" data-lazy-sizes="((min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px)) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 650px, 100vw" data-lazy-src="https://QY7S3400-a.akamaihd.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/6-Ways-to-Immerse-Your-Reader-in-the-Setting-of-a-Story-650x500.jpg" data-lazy-srcset="https://QY7S3400-a.akamaihd.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/6-Ways-to-Immerse-Your-Reader-in-the-Setting-of-a-Story-650x500.jpg 650w, https://QY7S3400-a.akamaihd.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/6-Ways-to-Immerse-Your-Reader-in-the-Setting-of-a-Story-480x369.jpg 480w" data-was-processed="true" height="500" sizes="((min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px)) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 650px, 100vw" src="https://qy7s3400-a.akamaihd.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/6-Ways-to-Immerse-Your-Reader-in-the-Setting-of-a-Story-650x500.jpg" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-size: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="650" /></div>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Setting does more than provide the backdrop for your characters. It opens certain possibilities for your story and closes down others. It helps establish the tone of the story and often supplies support for the theme. Often, setting can function as a character in the context of your story.</div>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Setting is of supreme importance in writing a stellar story.</div>
<h2 style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Avenir,&quot; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
What is setting?</h2>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The setting of your story goes beyond place. It encompasses factors such as historical background, culture, socio-economic environment, and atmosphere. It influences character language, writing style, type of story, and overall ambience. All of these elements should work in harmony with the plot, characters, and theme of your story.</div>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Here’s an example of what I mean. Let’s look at one of my all-time favorite books, Daphne DuMaurier’s <em style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rebecca.</em> The story is a romantic suspense in a gothic setting, the language lush and dreamy with leisurely cadences:</div>
<blockquote style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: whitesmoke; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 102, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(255, 102, 51); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 5px; border-right-color: rgb(255, 102, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(255, 102, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d6d6d; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 88px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 20px; quotes: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
“Last night, I dreamt I went to Maderley again. It seemed to me I stood by the iron gate leading to the drive, and for a while I could not enter, for the way was barred to me…”</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Do you see how the author’s style matches the setting? The perfect pairing contributes to the success of this enduring classic. Let’s contrast that with the opening from Thomas Harris’s <em style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Silence of The Lambs:</em></div>
<blockquote style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: whitesmoke; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 102, 51); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(255, 102, 51); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 5px; border-right-color: rgb(255, 102, 51); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(255, 102, 51); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6d6d6d; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 88px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 20px; quotes: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
“Behavioral Science, the FBI section that deals with serial murder, is on the bottom floor of the Academy building at Quantico, half-buried in the earth. Clarice Starling reached it flushed after a fast walk from Hogan’s Alley on the firing range. She had grass in her hair and grass stains on her FBI Academy windbreaker from diving to the ground under fire in an arrest problem on the range.”</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The setting and language are different here but nicely matched to each other, laying the groundwork for the kind of story Harris is getting ready to tell.</div>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Setting is integral to story, so take care to choose a setting that will best complement what you want to communicate to your reader.</div>
<h2 style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Avenir,&quot; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
What can setting do for me?</h2>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
I cannot enumerate all the perks that come from selecting an appropriate setting, but I can touch on some of them.</div>
<h3 style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Avenir,&quot; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
1. Setting helps determine your story parameters</h3>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
When you choose a setting, you put limits on your story—and that can be a good thing. It helps in your decision-making process, presenting an array of options applicable to your setting, and eliminating others from the pool, letting you focus on what works best.</div>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
For example, Andy Weir set his story <em style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The Martian</em> on Mars. That limited his choices of plot events. Having Mark Watney meet the woman of his dreams on the red planet was not on the table, and would have shifted the story off its axis and made it into something else entirely.</div>
<h3 style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Avenir,&quot; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
2. Setting helps unify story elements</h3>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Setting contributes a lot to unity in a story, and much of it happens on a subconscious level. But here’s a handy technique you can make conscious use of to bind the moving pieces of your story into a coherent whole: Make repeated references to a particular element.</div>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If you work it right, this can also be a powerful way to express theme, as discussed in the next section.</div>
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For example, if my story was set in a town next to a roaring river and my theme touched on the frantic nature of time rushing on, I could use that river as a central element. I’d spend a paragraph or two, early in the story, describing the river with specific sensory detail, making sure readers understand how fast and loud and unrelenting the river is, etc.</div>
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Then, use the river again and again as a unifying symbol. Feature the river in a newspaper article a character reads; have another character tell how her brother died there. Have two characters agree to meet there. Look for opportunities to mention or incorporate the river, and thus it becomes the spinal cord of your story, unifying the outlying elements.</div>
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“</div>
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Use the setting of your story to bind the story together by making repeated references to a particular element.</div>
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Tweet this</div>
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<a class="share-quote-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://thewritepractice.com/story-setting/&text=Use%20the%20setting%20of%20your%20story%20to%20bind%20the%20story%20together%20by%20making%20repeated%20references%20to%20a%20particular%20element.&via=write_practice" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: url(&quot; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6633; display: inline-block; font-size: 100%; height: 32px; http: //thewritepractice.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/social-share-shortcode-twitter.png&quot; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 32px;" title="Tweet This">Tweet</a></div>
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<h3 style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Avenir,&quot; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
3. Setting helps communicate theme</h3>
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Beyond providing a consistent framework and tying together plot elements, setting can help express theme.</div>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
For instance, my new thriller, <a href="https://books2read.com/u/baWdwQ" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6633; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Steadman’s Blind</em></a><em style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</em> is a wild ride told from four different viewpoints and changing trajectories, but the setting—the aftermath of a volcanic eruption—unifies the various elements and highlights theme.</div>
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As the ash in the air thickens, so does the plot and the desperation of the characters. Toward the end, when the wind shifts, clearing the sky, it is an omen of hope.</div>
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4. Setting can help define your character</h3>
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If you show your character as a product of his environment, whatever you do to develop your setting reflects on your character as well. This is a great way to convey important aspects of your character without spoon-feeding them to your reader.</div>
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By contrast, you can use setting in another way, placing your character in a setting completely opposite to his nature. A fish-out-of-water scenario creates instant tension and can lead to a compelling story.</div>
<h3 style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Avenir,&quot; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
5. Setting can advance plot</h3>
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Change in a setting can force your characters to act, advancing the plot. As a bonus, such changes will increase the tension level, too.</div>
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A dam breaks; a town floods. A prosperous business gets bought out and people lose their jobs. A family finally builds their dream home where their children can safely play and the state builds a maximum-security prison next door.</div>
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You get the idea. Change your setting, advance your plot.</div>
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And the change doesn’t have to be something tangible—it could simply be a change in perspective.</div>
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For example, Martha appreciates her husband. He never complains that she spends her days hanging out in coffee shops with friends. He’s undemanding about her cooking and housework. He tolerates her draping pantyhose over the bathroom shower and taking up all the counter space for her cosmetics.</div>
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And then Martha pulls a long, blonde hair off her husband’s sock while doing laundry and her perspective changes. His laissez-faire attitude now suggests he’s got other interests. Martha has to do something about it.</div>
<h3 style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Avenir,&quot; font-size: 26px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
6. Researching setting can spark ideas</h3>
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In most instances, you’ll need to do at least a little research to flesh out the setting of your story. Doing this often opens up new possibilities and suggests plot events you hadn’t considered. Research has many times led me to a treasure trove of ideas and fabulous details to add verisimilitude to the story.</div>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The caveat is that you can get carried away. Don’t overspend your time on research, and don’t overburden your story with irrelevant details.</div>
<h2 style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Avenir,&quot; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
A few final thoughts on setting</h2>
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I used to work for our public library system, and I was trained to help readers find just the kind of book they’re looking for. One thing I learned is that many readers are highly sensitive to setting, wanting books with a particular type. Setting holds great appeal for a lot of hungry readers, so think about that when choosing the setting for your next story.</div>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Pay more attention as you watch and read, looking for ways the setting has influenced the story. For an interesting look at how setting was used in some of Hollywood’s biggest films, check out <a href="https://industrialscripts.com/tv-movie-setting/" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6633; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">this article</a>.</div>
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Now that you know how to use setting to strengthen your story, go forth and put this power to work in your writing!</div>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Are you aware of setting in the stories you read? How about the stories you write?</em></strong> Tell us about it in <a href="https://thewritepractice.com/story-setting/#comments" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6633; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the comments</a>.</div>
<div id="practice" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: #efefef; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-left-radius: 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-left-radius: 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 25px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0c0c0c; font-family: Avenir,&quot; font-size: 30px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
PRACTICE</h2>
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There’s little point in fixing on the right setting for your story if you don’t pull your readers into that setting so they can experience it along with your characters. Remember item #2 above? Before you make repeated references to the significant element, you have to describe it such that your readers will understand it’s important.</div>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Choose from the options provided and write one or two paragraphs of description, using sensory detail that shows the emotions and opinions of the <a href="https://thewritepractice.com/point-of-view-magic/" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6633; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">viewpoint</a> character. Remember, every word should come through that character and be colored by their attitudes and preferences.</div>
<ul style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; line-height: 26px; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 23px; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Clock tower in the town square</li>
<li style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pool at the neighborhood gym</li>
<li style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lightning-charred tree at the edge of town</li>
<li style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rocky ridge on nearby mountain</li>
</ul>
<div style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Write for <a href="http://e.ggtimer.com/15minutes" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6633; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">fifteen minutes</a>. When you’re done, think about ways you could incorporate this image into your story, using it to unify and express theme. Post your work in the comments, and be sure to provide feedback for your fellow writers!</div>
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<div class="joslyn-chase" id="sexy-author-bio" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: #efefef; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 20px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: rgb(68, 68, 68); border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div id="sab-author" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; display: block; font-family: &quot; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: capitalize; vertical-align: baseline;">Joslyn Chase</span></div>
<div id="sab-gravatar" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; float: left; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 100px;">
<span style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Joslyn Chase" class="avatar avatar-100 photo lazyloaded" data-lazy-src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8261dbd19f042b5446a0f6548bedac9a?s=100&d=mm&r=g" data-lazy-srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8261dbd19f042b5446a0f6548bedac9a?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x" data-was-processed="true" height="100" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8261dbd19f042b5446a0f6548bedac9a?s=100&d=mm&r=g" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-left-radius: 50%; border-bottom-right-radius: 50%; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-left-radius: 50%; border-top-right-radius: 50%; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; float: left; font-size: 100%; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="100" /></span></div>
<div id="sab-description" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Joslyn Chase loves suspense fiction and writes thrillers, mysteries, romantic suspense, and horror. She is the author of the thriller <em style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0744YYL57/" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6633; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Nocturne In Ashes</a></em>, an explosive read that will keep you turning pages to the end. <em style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 100%; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://www.subscribepage.com/b4f4n8" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6633; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What Leads A Man To Murder</a></em>, her collection of short suspense, is available for free at <a href="https://joslynchase.com/" style="-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position-x: 0%; background-position-y: 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff6633; font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">joslynchase.com</a>. Joslyn loves traveling, teaching, and playing the piano.</div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-26300558771602484962019-10-12T19:58:00.000-07:002019-10-12T19:58:36.455-07:00October Festivals in the Philippines <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE1TJl1e0k7vtKUpqnmS-xOQbcix9D0Pcd3QFsY2pjlEoadC5srjKSNpqHHOqLx_3I3TX74JLjXAY39oBKpm8DGD7K_Qkc1C6E835fJbf_GzKQOP6pu2F0hJZNPR6gBso4P5KAHkLLpFfU/s1600/Zamboanga+Festival+by+HappyPhilippines.org.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="580" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE1TJl1e0k7vtKUpqnmS-xOQbcix9D0Pcd3QFsY2pjlEoadC5srjKSNpqHHOqLx_3I3TX74JLjXAY39oBKpm8DGD7K_Qkc1C6E835fJbf_GzKQOP6pu2F0hJZNPR6gBso4P5KAHkLLpFfU/s400/Zamboanga+Festival+by+HappyPhilippines.org.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Filipinos love to party. They will find any excuse to have a party. They celebrate births, marriages, saints’ days and everything else. The Spanish adapted traditional rituals by celebrating a saint’s birthday on dates formerly associated with animistic rituals.</div>
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You will see festivals in every ethnic group, as people get together for essentially spiritual events. Drama, excitement, food, music, and renewal of relationship are shared extensively. Fiestas range from large, organized, regional events to small barangay happenings. Activities usually center around the church, and from there, proceed into the community.</div>
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Here are some festivals for October:</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">Zamboanga Hermosa Festival</strong> – 2<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 97.5%; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">nd</sup> week in October, Zamboanga City, Zamboanga del Sur, Mindanao</div>
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Zamboanga City’s biggest fiesta commemorates the apparition of the Virgin at Fort Pilar and her miraculous intervention against enemy attacks. It celebrates the Virgin Mary towards whom the people of Zamboanga hold a special devotion as a unifying cultural and historical symbol of the land. There are fireworks, parades, a regatta, variety shows, games, a carnival and the Miss Zamboanga Pageant.</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">La Naval de Manila </strong>– 2<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 97.5%; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">nd</sup> Sunday in October, Quezon City</div>
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An evening candlelight procession from Santo Domingo Church, Quezon City along Quezon Boulevard honors Our Lady of the Holy Rosary to whose intercession is attributed a series of Spanish-Filipino naval victories over the Dutch in 1646.</div>
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Our Lady of La Naval de Manila housed at Santo Domingo Church in Quezon City is one of the most historically significant objects in the Philippines. It was commissioned by the Spanish Governor General Don Luis Pérez Dasmariñas in 1593 who wanted a statue of Our Lady of the Rosary to which the public could pray. The reason it is so revered in the Philippines dated to some 60 years after its creation when the Dutch Republic attempted to conquer the country as part of a strategy to dominate the key trade routes in the region. Up against the superior Dutch forces, the Spanish and Filipino forces prayed to the statue for victory.</div>
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After five battles, they succeeded in repelling the foreign invaders. Believing that this almost miraculous victory was due to the intervention of the Virgin Mary, they walked barefoot to pray to the statue which was later named as the protector of the navy of Manila.</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">Masskara Festival</strong> – Weekend near the 19<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 97.5%; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup> of October in Bacolod City, Negros Occidental province, Negros.</div>
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No event of religious or cultural history, no saint or divine spirit serves to justify this big blowout. What we have here is fun for fun’s sake. In this city, on these days, it’s time to party, masked, costumed, and in the streets. Even if you don’t feel like dancing and singing, the pig-catching and pole-climbing competitions are musts. The contest for the best mask is also exciting. Of course it’s not as purposeless as it may appear: the festival is meant to lift people’s spirit and to attract tourists, who flock here to join the merrymaking and to buy the orchids and ornate handicrafts on sale.</div>
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A smiling mask is the symbol of this festival which was started in 1980 to reflect the people’s spirit in spite of hardships caused by the sugar industry’s decline. The festival also concides with the city’s charter day on the 19<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 97.5%; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup> of October. A spectacular street parade climaxes a weeklong celebration. It is Bacolod’s Mardi Gras-like festival.</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit;">Gigantes</strong> – also called the Feast of San Clemente – late October in Angono, Rizal province, Luzon</div>
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In honor of the town’s patron saint, San Clemente. The party center around papier mâché giants, colorfully garbed and painted, surrounded by much dancing, singing and feasting. These gigantes (giants) lead the procession, mounted on stilts or carried by members of the community. Puppets, trailed by dolls that portray the occupation of their creators, follow as part of the entourage. At the end of the procession are small puppet children and a brightly painted papier mâché bull, whose body sparks with fireworks.</div>
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Sources:</div>
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Philippines Handbook – Carl Parkes</div>
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Traveler’s Philippines Companion – Kirsten Ellis</div>
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Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-16081710910157729152019-10-08T09:24:00.001-07:002019-10-08T09:25:08.951-07:00Limahong - A Chinese Pirate Who Invaded the Philippines - Part II<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2c3338; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<img alt="limahong 2" class=" wp-image-563 aligncenter" height="344" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/limahong-2.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2c3338; display: block; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="632" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #2c3338; cursor: text; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "noto serif" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , "times" , serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Invasion by Limahong. Painting by Carolos 'Botong' Franciscco, 1956</span><br />
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Limahong was determined to capture Manila in spite of the loss in Parañaque. He set sail again and arrived in Manila Bay. He sent forward his Lieutenant, Sioco, and 600 fighting men to demand the surrender of the Spaniards.</div>
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Alarm was raised in Malate which is close to Intramuros but the Spaniards took no credence to the report so no resistance was offered until the invaders were within the gates to the city.</div>
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Martin de Goiti, the <em>Maestre de Campo </em>and second in command to the Governor, was the first victim of the attack. Goiti and several Filipinos under the leadership of Rajah Lakandula were killed. Goiti's wife was badly wounded but survived.</div>
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The Spaniards took refuge in Fort Santiago which the Chinese were about to take control when they were interrupted by the arrival of fresh troops led by a Spanish sub-lieutenant. A bloody hand-to-hand combat followed. With great difficulty, the Chinese collected their dead and sounded the retreat. Sioco reported the result of the attack to Limahong who was in Cavite with his reserved forces.</div>
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Limahong resolved to rest his troops and renew the attack in two days’ time. Meanwhile, Juan Salcedo arrived by sea the next day with reinforcements from Vigan, and preparations were made for the expected encounter. Salcedo having been appointed to the office of <em>Maestre de Campo</em>, vacant since the death of Goiti, was entrusted to the defense of the city.</div>
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By daybreak on December 3, Limahong and his fighting men took off for the capital. Sioco swore to take the place or die in the attempt. Sioco, with his division, advanced towards the fort. A hand-to-hand fight ensued as he entered the fort. Salcedo and his men fought fiercely like a lion. The Spaniards finally gained the victory. The Chinese were repulsed with great slaughter, and Sioco having been killed, the Chinese fled in complete disarray. They retreated on board the fleet. Unfazed by his loss in his attempt to take over Manila, Limahong was determined to set up his capital in other parts. He then set sail again for the west coast of the island.</div>
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The panic of the Chinese spread rapidly and Limahong, in despair, landed another contingent of about 500 men. He remained at sea but even with this reinforcement the morale of his army could not be restored.</div>
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Salcedo, profiting by the confusion, now took the offensive and followed the enemy, pursuing them along the sea-shore.</div>
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<em>Sources: Wikipedia, Kahimyang.com</em></div>
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Until next time. The Philippine history continues. . .</div>
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<a href="http://www.rosalindarmorgan.com/" style="color: var(--color-accent);">Rosalinda</a></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-37657543785625138712019-09-14T08:43:00.000-07:002019-09-14T08:43:46.122-07:00Limahong - A Chinese Pirate Who Invaded the Philippines - Part 1<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2c3338; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh91J2RMi3wS3aZCKOriTTguV_aiTK_yGoJxazQuIUjA2txTYWBXbwwP2gh3AP477As-a_5bsPDnXO-k1o8Mvb2fnFQSiEXmiglV2kBsPDXrFh88xwLuLhTnPtAxIS6ZHUAGTqI_LjnY_-Q/s1600/Limahong_Chinese_pirate_warlord_in_the_Philippines.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="220" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh91J2RMi3wS3aZCKOriTTguV_aiTK_yGoJxazQuIUjA2txTYWBXbwwP2gh3AP477As-a_5bsPDnXO-k1o8Mvb2fnFQSiEXmiglV2kBsPDXrFh88xwLuLhTnPtAxIS6ZHUAGTqI_LjnY_-Q/s320/Limahong_Chinese_pirate_warlord_in_the_Philippines.jpg" width="217" /></a></div>
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<span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Limahong, or Lin Feng, also known as Lim Ah Hong or Limahon was a Chinese pirate and warlord who invaded the northern islands of the Philippines and also established a short-lived kingdom in Pangasinan. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">He built up a reputation for his constant raids to ports in Guangdong, Fujian and southern China. He is noted to have twice attempted and failed to overthrow the Spanish city of Manila in 1574.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">There are different stories about Limahong with some degrees of historical accuracy. According to some legends, Limahong was <strong><span style="font-family: &quot; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">from a Chinese Noble family; did something that offended the Emperor or Empress of the day which made them hire a pirate to rush him away from danger. He was leaving his homeland forever. This pirate sailed south to the natural harbor at Batangas, and as far north as safe harbor in Pampanga with Lim Ah Hong in tow. Lim Ah Hong, took to the pirate who saved him and was treated as a son. When the pirate died, Lim Ah Hong inherited the fleet and being of noble birth was a natural leader.</span></strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">He was very successful at relieving the Spanish Armada of their gold which is why he began to appear in history books and ships logs. One of his safe harbors was Batangas with its deep waters. Lim Ah Hong found the local ladies to his liking. He took a wife but as a Chinese warlord was allowed as many concubines as he could afford, he populated the province of Batangas with his wife and countless concubines who gave forth progeny of whom there are several direct descendants.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Another tale is that Limahong was born as Dim Mhon. Since he was young, he started to do criminal activities, including robbery. He met and became a protege of an old pirate, Tial-lao. When Tial-lao died, Lim became his heir, inheriting the old pirate's fleet and around 2,000 pirates. His numerous attacks on ports and ships throughout southern China made the authorities issue a warrant for his capture. This brought him to pursue his criminal activities on higher seas, far from China's reach.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">And there’s another tale that Li-ma-hong also known as Lin Feng or Li Tao Kiem, was born in the port town of Tiuchiu in the province of Cui Tam. At an early age he manifested a martial spirit and joined a band of corsairs which for a long time had been the terror of the China coasts. On the demise of his chief, Tai -La Ong, he was unanimously elected the new leader. Pursued at length in all directions by the imperial ships of war, he was determined to conquer the Philippines. Presumably the same incentives which encouraged the Spanish conquistadores to conquer lands and overthrow dynasties, the vision of wealth, glory and empire, awakened a like ambition in the Chinese corsair. He was able to accumulate 40 ships which increased to 95 ships when he took over the fleet of another pirate, Vin To Quiam. He came to be the notorious king of the waters of southern China.</span></div>
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<span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">On the death of Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">the Government of the Colony was assumed by the Royal Treasurer, <i>Guido de Lavezares</i>. During this period, the possession of the Philippine Islands was unsuccessfully challenged by a rival expedition under the command of a Chinese pirate, Limahong. For the many attacks committed by him against private traders and property, the Celestial Emperor of China outlawed him.</span></div>
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<span style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 1pt; color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It was in late 1573 that an army of 3,000 outlaws, bandits, and pirates led by Limahong fled to the island of Luzon. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">There, he and his band of outlaws sought refuge, established their own kingdom and waged war with the Spanish Empire.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">By this time, a force of 40,000 soldiers and 135 ships was sent by the Wanli Emperor to kill and capture the pirates. Limahong and his troops first arrived in Ilocos Sur in early 1574 where they had a run-in with the Spanish commander, Juan de Salcedo.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">A few troops were sent ashore to get provisions. While returning to the junks, they sacked the village and set fire to the huts. The news of this outrage was hastily communicated to Juan Salcedo, who had been pacifying the Northern Provinces since July 1572, and was at the time in Villa Fernandina (now called Vigan). Li-ma-hong continued his course and anchored on the Ilocos coast of Cagayan where a few Spanish soldiers were stationed under the orders of Juan Salcedo, who was still in the town of Vigan. Under Salcedo’s direction, preparations were made to prevent the enemy entering the river, but such was not Li-ma-hong's intention. After that brief struggle with the Spanish army, his troops set sail again.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">In his sea-wanderings he happened to fall in with a Chinese trading junk returning from Manila with the proceeds of her cargo sold there. This he seized and learned that Manila was a new and relatively unprotected city though already occupied by the Spaniards. From this information and the knowledge that China had a no-war policy with its neighbors during that time, he decided to capture Manila and make it his kingdom. The captive crew were constrained to pilot his fleet towards the capital of Luzon. From them he learnt how easily the natives had been plundered by a handful of foreigners, the probable extent of the opposition he might encounter, the defenses established, the wealth and resources of the district, and the nature of its inhabitants.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Salcedo, naturally supposing his course would be towards Manila, also started at the same time for the capital with all the fighting men he could collect, leaving only 30 men to garrison Vigan and protect the State interests there. With the remainder he reached the coast at Parañaque, a village seven miles south of Manila.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">It was November 29, 1574. The inhabitants of the town of <span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Paranaque, </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">a royal encomienda, was under heavy attack from the forces of this Chinese corsair, who were on their way to <span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Intramuros</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">, the seat of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Folk accounts have it that the inhabitants were at first disorganized, until a man from a barrio, by the name of Galo, came forward and took command. Under his able leadership, and with the arrival of Spanish forces led by Captain Juan de Salcedo from Ilocos, Limahong was repulsed and the occupation of the town was prevented.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">The strong resistance of the barrio residents shocked the Chinese pirate, who thought that capturing Manila would be easy. What Limahong did not expect was that the defenders of the community, that would later be known as Don Galo, despite being ill-equipped, would fight to the end, so much so that the sea in front of the barrio turned red with their blood. The battle became known as the "Red Sea Incident".</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">The Parañaqueños not only saved their town, but they contributed decisively to Limahong's abandoning his plans to conquer the area. In appreciation for Galo's leadership and heroic deeds, the Spanish authorities granted him the title of "Don". The barrio later on was named after him - Don Galo or Dongalo.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Sources:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Wikipedia</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">http://www.tsinoy.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">https://kahimyang.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Until next time. The Philippine history continues. . .</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.rosalindarmorgan.com/" style="color: var(--color-accent);">Rosalinda</a></span></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-34797662236129394752019-09-03T09:14:00.000-07:002019-09-03T09:14:17.931-07:00The Philippines and Its Species-Rich Ecosystem - Part II<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<strong>FAUNA</strong></div>
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<br />Philippine fauna forms a distinct subdivision within the Malayan region and provides evidence of the land bridges that once linked the archipelago with mainland Asia via Borneo. Palawan is especially rich in wildlife, which is closely related to Borneo’s. The wildlife of mainland Mindanao and Sulu also show affinity with Borneo, while northern Luzon has species in common with Taiwan and the Asian mainland.</div>
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Although the fossilized remains of elephants, have been found, the Philippines today has few large mammals. The absence of major predators means an abundance of small animals.</div>
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<a href="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/tarsiers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="tarsiers" border="0" class=" size-full wp-image-541 alignleft" height="330" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/tarsiers.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; margin-top: 16px; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="220" /></a><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Tarsier - Photo by Wikipedia</span><br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">There is a variety of fauna. Each September, migratory birds stop over on their way south from a chilling China. The Philippines is home to several indigenous birds and animals: sea turtles, mouse deer, tarsiers, and the Philippine eagle to name a few.</span><br />
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<a href="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/carabao-wikipedia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Carabao wikipedia" border="0" class=" wp-image-538 aligncenter" height="250" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/carabao-wikipedia.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: move; display: block; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="333" /></a></div>
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<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Carabao - Photo by Wikipedia</span></div>
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The strong domesticated carabao (water buffalo) is widely used in farms – as a form of transport and for tilling the soil. The carabao have no sweat glands and they cannot work in intense heat. In areas where it is too hot for carabao, farmers use zebu (Brahma cattle). In many places you will see ponies providing transportation.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #003000; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif;"></span><img alt="Tamaraw" class=" wp-image-539 aligncenter" height="307" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/tamaraw.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; display: block; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="409" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Tamaraw - Photo by Wikipedia</span></div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
Wild water-buffalo, probably descended from domestic animals, can be seen in Luzon, Mindoro, the Calamian group, Masbate, Negros and Mindanao, but a very small buffalo, called the tamaraw, on Mindoro, is native to the Philippines. This tiny buffalo, savage and untameable, often attacks and kills the larger water-buffalo, nearly twice its size.</div>
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The Philippine has quite a few kinds of mammals, but no marsupials. On the tiny islands of Balabac, between Palawan and Borneo, a kind of mouse deer ranges, one of the smallest deer in the world. Axis deer found on Sulu were probably introduced a century or two ago. On the islands of Basilan, Mindanao, Leyte, Samar and the Calamian group, red and brown deer occur, related to the sambar deer of Asia. Another deer, found on Masbate, Panay and Guimaras (between Panay and Negros), and native to the Philippines, is dark-colored with buff spots.</div>
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Two kinds of wild pigs and a kind of monkey can be seen on most of the larger islands, and tiny primates called tarsiers are found from Basilan to Samar. Squirrels live on the eastern islands, and also on Palawan, and a strange anteater called the pangolin, on Palawan.</div>
<img alt="Colugo" class=" wp-image-540 alignleft" height="309" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/colugo.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; float: left; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 16px; margin-top: 16px; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="237" /><br />
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<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Colugo - Photo by Wikipedia</span><br />
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Carnivorous animals of the Philippines include shrews and otters, two kinds of civet cat, and a small wild-cat. Bats and flying foxes are very common, and another strange flying mammals is found in the Philippines – the colugo, which looks vaguely like a cross between a bat and a flying squirrel, and is sometimes called a “flying lemur”.</div>
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Sadly, most of these animals face extinction. The incessantly over-expanding human population, however, encroaches relentlessly on natural habitats. Deforestation and hunting have caused many species of animals that once ranged broadly to be confined to specific areas. Wild pigs are an exception: they have adapted well to the changing environment.</div>
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Bird life in the Philippines is abundant – over 700 species have been recorded. Pheasants are confined to Palawan, but jungle fowls are found almost everywhere, and a strange megapode (or incubator bird) builds next mounds in the warm ash on volcano slopes. Water and shore birds include snipe, plover, turnstone, herons, bitterns, and ducks.</div>
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About 50 kinds of birds of prey live in the Philippines, ranging in size form a sparrow-sized falcon to the large monkey-eating eagle – twenty kinds of birds of prey are found nowhere else in the world. Some twenty kinds of kingfishers, most of them native to the Philippines, live along the streams and waterways.</div>
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A dozen kinds of hornbills occur only in the Philippines. One kind of cockatoo and about twenty kinds of parrots and parakeets live in the forests, as well as larks, barbets, broadbills, starlings, orioles, weaver finches, nuthatches, titmice, shrikes, tailor birds, thrushes, flycatchers, swallows and swifts. The swift whose nest, collected for soup, is eaten with relish in Asian countries, lives in some parts of the Philippines.</div>
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About twenty kinds of woodpeckers, and the same number of cuckoos and honeyeaters are found here, and some twenty-eight species of colorful sunbirds. Some of the other kinds of birds in the Philippines are frogmouths, beebirds, and night-hawks.</div>
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The Philippines has over 20,000 types of insects, including ants, termites, locusts, land-leeches, butterflies, moths, beetles, cockroaches, mosquitoes, and wasps. One of these wasps, the tiger hornet, is among the most feared of jungle creatures in the Philippines – just as terrifying as any of the venomous snakes of the region. Nesting in small colonies low to the ground, these large black insects have a four-inch wingspan, and a bright orange strips across the abdomen. Occasionally they nest on a jungle path, where an unwary person might disturb them. One or two bites cause intense pain but, if the whole group of wasps attack, they can kill the strongest of men in a very short time.</div>
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Filipinos are very fond of honey, especially in places where sugar cane does not grow. Honey bees are encouraged to nest in trees with easy access.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #003000; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif;"></span><img alt="Philippine Crocodile" class=" wp-image-544 aligncenter" height="281" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/philippine-crocodile.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; display: block; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="421" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Philippine Crocodile - Photo by Wikipedia</span></div>
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Land and freshwater reptiles include many small lizards, such as skinks and geckoes, and large goannas, venomous snakes, the reticulated python and other pythons and boas, and the only sea-snake in the world known to have adapted itself to a life in fresh water (found in lake Taal). Land turtles are also common, and a crocodile grows to a length of 25 feet, and may measure about three feet across the back.</div>
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About 40 kinds of frogs live in the Philippine region – most of them closely related to species found in Borneo. Scientists believe that these reached the islands on canoes laden with produce, or crossed many centuries ago when the Philippines region was connected to Borneo by land bridges.</div>
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The seas on the western side of the Philippines and between the islands, fairly shallow and warm, support a huge variety of marine creatures. Sea mammals are represented by dolphins, dugongs, and whales. The largest marine animal in these waters is the striped whale. Turtles, sea snakes, coral snakes, and the huge estuarine or sea-going crocodile are also common. Over 2,000 varieties of fish live in the Philippine region, including the smallest fish in the world, only half an inch long when fully grown. Most of the fish are of Indonesian origin, with some Chinese and Japanese kinds, and others similar to fish found near Tonga, Samoa, and Hawaii. Tereapon, catfish, perch, mudfish, mullet, milkfish, trevally, long-tom or garfish, shrimps, crabs, oysters, and squid are caught close to shore by commercial fishermen. Salmon, herrings, and other fish are farmed in tidal pools. Oceanic fish are anchovy, bonito sailfish, marlin, sharks, mackerel, barracuda, jewfish, bass, snapper, tuna, and many others. Many kinds of colorful reef shells come from the warm seas close to the islands.</div>
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Source:<br />The Philippines by John Cockcroft<br />Philippine Handbook by Carl Parkes<br />Philippine Guide by Jill & Rebecca Gale de Villa</div>
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Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-31292122236027147772019-08-18T09:07:00.000-07:002019-08-18T09:07:04.311-07:00The Philippines and its Species-Rich Ecosystem - Part 1<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
FLORA</div>
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The Philippine offers nature lovers tremendous biodiversity. Its tropical rainforest is the most species-rich ecosystem on earth. Substantial parts of the archipelago remain unexplored, both on land and under water. The country is remarkable for its dwarf and pigmy species of many ecological families. Unfortunately, the natural environment is being destroyed at an alarming rate. Logging and mining, dynamiting of coral reefs, and enormous population pressures are having a devastating ecological effect. For the conservationist, a journey through the islands may be both exciting and depressing.</div>
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Fertile volcanic soil of the Philippines, abundant rain and sunshine, and the wide range of habitats and elevations give rise to an incredible variety of plant life in every category, from mosses and lichens (including 1,000 species of fern) to giant trees (about 3,000 species).</div>
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Plants are mainly of the type found in Indonesia and Malaysia, although Australian (e.g. eucalyptus) and Sino-Himalayan (e.g. rhododendron) types are also found. Over 10,000 species of plants have been recorded from the region and about 60% of the 10,000 plant species are grown only in the archipelago. The Philippines has 54 species of bamboo, a fast-growing woody grass, throughout the islands. It’s used for an incredible variety of purposes: houses, bridges, fences, furniture, fish traps, wall-matting, baskets, hats, flutes, and much more.</div>
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At sea level, bays and estuaries are fringed by dense mangrove. Nipa palms, commonly used in the construction of native huts, also thrive in brackish water.</div>
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Most of the forests of the region, tropical evergreen rainforests, yield many kinds of commercial hardwood timbers. In the higher forests grow pines, and on the lower slopes bamboos, coconut palms and banyan trees.</div>
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Coconut palms are generally found below 30 meters elevation, while at 300-1000 meters dense tropical rainforest contains vines, ferns, orchids, and huge trees with buttressed trunks. The dipterocarp hardwoods, known collectively as Philippine mahogany, predominate here. The <em>molave </em>group of hardwoods is also important. Above 1000 meters the trees change from tropical hardwoods to temperate species like the Benguet pine of northern Luzon. Above 5,800 meters trees become progressively stunted and finally give way to scrub and grassy upland on the highest slopes.</div>
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<img alt="Jungle river nature - Mindoro island" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-533" height="852" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/jungle_nature-by-allabouthappylife-com-e1541304615907.jpg" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="1344" /></div>
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Coconut trees are almost everywhere, constant that you are in the tropics. Unquestionably the Philippines’ most important tree, it has many uses: coconut milk to drink, meat to eat, wine to imbibe, heart of coconut for salad and lumpia (egg roll), coconut oil for tanning and cooking, and cocowood for building.</div>
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The now scarce beautiful <em>narra</em> is the national tree and has bright yellow flowers, and its durable wood is much favored for furniture and flooring. Other plants used for building and furniture include nipa palms, (important for roofing); rattan (for furniture); mahogany (for building and carving) and bamboo (for housing and furniture).</div>
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The land also produces a bounty of delicious fruits. A visit to Manila’s markets will introduce you to the wealth of tropical fruits available: avocado, bananas, breadfruit, chico, duhat, guava, langka, lanzones, papaya, pineapples, mangoes, siniguelas and the hugely smelly durian.</div>
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Filipinos also use many different herbs for medicinal and culinary purposes. Mountains and lowlands that are not farmed often have a thick covering of cogon – a tough grass with razor sharp edges.</div>
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Flowering plants include gumamela (hibiscus), kalachuchi (frangipani), bougainvillea, water lilies, water hyacinth and over 1,000 species of orchid. Many of these are found nowhere in the world. Wild orchids grow in mountainside rain forests, especially in Mindanao.</div>
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<img alt="Waling waling You Tube" class=" size-full wp-image-534 aligncenter" height="382" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/waling-waling-you-tube.jpg" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="575" /></div>
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Celebrated varieties include the waling-waling (vanda sanderiana orchid) of Mindanao, whose blooms measure up to 12.5 cm. across and last six weeks, and those of the Cattleya genus. It is said that no other archipelago has as rich a variety of orchids and other plants as the Philippines. These flowering plants enhance the beauty of rural Philippines.</div>
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<img alt="Sampaguita" class=" wp-image-535 aligncenter" height="364" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/11/sampaguita.png" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="501" /></div>
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The national flower of the Philippines is the sampaguita (jasmine) – a small star-shaped white blossom with a pleasant, lingering fragrance, made into garlands worn by Filipino girls and given as a gesture of welcome to visitors. <em>Mabuhay!</em></div>
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Sources:</div>
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Source: Philippine Handbook by Carl Parkes</div>
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Philippine Guide by Jill & Rebecfa Gale de Villa</div>
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The Philippines by John Cockcroft</div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-88437638134839258762019-07-29T15:36:00.001-07:002019-07-29T15:36:31.258-07:00Other Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<img alt="Samar &amp; Leyte" class=" wp-image-483 aligncenter" height="320" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/samar-leyte-e1540145955748.jpg" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="531" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">After Ferdinand Magellan, other Spanish expeditions were dispatched to the Philippines over the next decades. In 1543, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos gave the name Las Islas Filipinas to the islands of Samar and Leyte. However, it was not until 1565 that the Spaniards, under Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, founded a colony on Cebu, and extended the name Filipinas to the whole group of islands after King Philip II of Spain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Although the Portuguese navigator Magellan had discovered the Philippine archipelago in 1521, neither Portuguese or Spanish had settled there and so Don Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of New Spain (Mexico), sent Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to claim it in 1564.</span></span></div>
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<dt class="wp-caption-dt" style="overflow: hidden;"><img alt="Legaspi Statue at Fort San Pedro, Cebu" class="alignnone wp-image-491" height="393" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/legaspi-statue-at-fort-san-pedro-cebu.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="295" /> Legazpi's Statue outside Fort San Pedro, Cebu</dt>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, Spanish explorer who established a Spanish dominion over the Philippines that lasted for more than three centuries, until the Spanish-American War of 1898 went to New Spain in 1545. He served for a time as clerk in the government of the viceroy. Legazpi left Acapulco in November 1564 with a fleet of five ships and 500 men including six Augustinian missionaries in addition to Fr. Andres de Urdaneta who served as navigator and spiritual adviser, and Guido de Lavezarez, a survivor of the Magellan’s expedition. They reached Cebu, one of the southern islands of the archipelago, in April 1565, founding the first Spanish settlement on the site of the modern city, Cebu naming it “Villa del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus" (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus) after an image of Santo Niño in one of the native houses.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">He remained in Cebu until compelled to move out to Panay by Portuguese pirates. Searching for a suitable place to establish his capital and hearing of the rich resources in Luzon, he sent an expedition to the northern island of Luzon in 1570 under Martin de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo to explore its location and potentials. He did not accompany his men during their conquest of Manila because of health problems and advanced age.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Landing in Batangas , Goiti with a force of 120 Spaniards explored the Pansipit River which drains Taal Lake. They then proceeded north and on May 8, they arrived at Manila Bay. </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">There, they were welcomed by the natives. Goiti's soldiers camped there for a few weeks while forming an alliance with the Muslin leader, Rajah Sulayman, a vassal under the Sultan of Brunei and </span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">the </span><span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Muslim ruler of the Kingdom of Maynilad, a pre-historic state at the mouth of Pasig River facing what is now Manila Bay. Rajah </span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Sulayman, along with his co-ruler Rajah Matanda and Lakan Dula, was one of three monarchs who figured most significantly in the Spanish conquest of the Port of Manila and the Pasig River delta. Spanish accounts describe him as the most aggressive of the three rulers - a characteristic chalked up to his youth relative to the other two rulers.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">However, the Rajah's ally in northern shores of Manila Bay, historically known as the young Bambalito of Macabebe, Pampanga, asked Rajah Sulayman to revoke his alliance with the Spaniards. Rajah Sulayman refused because of the "word of honor" to the Spaniards. Rajah Sulayman had his conditions for Bambalito that if they were able to kill as least 50 Spaniards, he would revoke his alliance with Goiti, and Rajah Sulayman would help expel the conquerors. Bambalito rode back to Macabebe and formed a fleet of two thousand five hundred moros consisting of soldiers from the villages along Manila Bay particularly from Macabebe and Hagonoy, Bulacan. On May 30, 1570, Bambalito sailed to Tondo and encountered the Spaniards headed by Martin de Goiti at Bangkusay Channel on June 3, 1570. Bambalito and his fleet lost the battle, and after disputes and hostility had erupted between the two groups, the Spaniards occupied the Islamized states of Tondo and Maynilad.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><img alt="Rajah Sulayman by Flickr" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-492" height="634" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/rajah-sulayman-by-flickr-e1540157156589.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="1014" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "noto serif" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , "times" , serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Rajah Sulayman by Flickr</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">After deposing Rajah Sulayman, Goiti </span></span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">occupied their settlements before returning to Panay. </span><span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Legazpi then sailed to Luzon after hearing that the villages had been conquered and established the city of Manila on June 24, 1571.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">In Manila, he formed a peace pact with the native councils as well as the local rulers, Rajah Sulayman and Lakan Dula. Lakan and Rajah are the same title of the native royalty. He also ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Within a year, with the help of his grandson, Juan de Salcedo, Legazpi had almost the whole country under Spanish rule, with the exception of the Sulu islands and parts of Mindanao and interior Luzon. Legazpi overcame native resistance with little difficulty, since there was no sizable organized political power among the Philippine Malays. Islam was weak in Luzon and the northern islands but the Muslins in the southern islands resisted Spanish rule right up to the 19<sup>th</sup> century.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Legazpi and his chaplain, Padre Andres de Urdaneta, were able to lay the foundation for the conversion of the people to Christianity, the Spain’s most durable legacy.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">The country was soon divided into religious zones of influence. The Augustinians received Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Ilocos, Cebu and Panay. The Franciscans acquired Bicol and parts of Laguna and Tayabas. The Jesuits operated in Cavite, Marinduque, Samar, Leyte, Bohol, Negros, and some areas in Mindanao. The Dominicans took Bataan, Pangasinan and the Cagayan Valley. The Recollects occupied Romblon and points of northern Palawan, Luzon, and Mindanao. By the end of the 16<sup>th</sup> century, much of the archipelago was under Spanish control. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Subsequently, Manila became the capital of the new Spanish colony and Spain’s major trading port in East Asia. Legazpi governed the Philippines for a year before dying suddenly of a heart attack on August 20, 1572. He was laid to rest in San Agustin Church in Intramuros. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">References:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Philippine Guide by Jill and Rebecca Gale de Villa</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Insight Guide Philippines by Discovery Channel</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Encyclopedia Britannica</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Wikipedia</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Until next time. The Philippine story continues.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.rosalindarmorgan.com/" style="color: var(--color-accent);">Rosalinda</a></span></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-72512916023825086712019-07-07T16:21:00.000-07:002019-07-07T16:21:42.093-07:00Legaspi Built Intramuros, the Seat of Spanish Rule<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi founded the city of Manila in 1571, 50 years after the Spanish discovery of the Philippines. Manila, being better positioned than Cebu for trade with China, was made the original capital of the Philippines.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #003000; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif;"></span><img alt="Intramuros Wall by Wikipedia" class=" size-full wp-image-516 aligncenter" height="402" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/intramuros-wall-by-wikipedia.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; display: block; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="600" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Intramuros - Photo Credit: Wikipedia</span></div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
Here the colonizers built Intramuros, an impregnable European style thick stone-walled city which was the seat of Spanish rule located south of the Pasig River. Although Intramuros was laid out as a pentagon, its uneven sides more approximate a triangle. The twenty-foot-high walls stretched for nearly 4.5 km (3 miles). In some places, they reached twenty-five feet in height and had a thickness of up to forty feet at the bottom. Inside, following Legaspi’s blueprint for the capital, succeeding Spanish governors built churches, chapels, convents, palaces for the governor-general and the archbishop, schools, university (in as early as 1611), printing press, hospitals and soldiers’ barracks, and grand houses for the assorted elite all surrounded by baluartes (battlements) and puertas (gates).</div>
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<img alt="Intramuros 4" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-502" height="798" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/intramuros-4.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="1170" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Casa Manila</span></div>
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Now a ruin, Intramuros was once a well-planned city, with cobbled lanes, streets and plazas, and tiled roofed houses. Outside the city’s high walls flowed a moat, in the old European style of protection. Only Spaniards and Spanish mestizos (mixed race) were permitted to live within the confines of the walls. Drawbridges went up each night. Natives were moved elsewhere, while the Chinese, necessary for financial matters, trade, and menial jobs “not good enough for a Spaniard,” were moved outside the walls, but within canon range.</div>
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<img alt="Intramuros Street by Wikipedia.org" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-511" height="900" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/intramuros-street-by-wikipedia-org.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="1200" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Street inside Intramuros - Photo Credit: Wikipedia</span></div>
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Though Intramuros is a far cry from the bustling Spanish city it once was, it has come a long way from the ravages of wartime. During WWII, effectively utilizing the Intramuros District together with the city’s strongly reinforced concrete buildings of prewar construction, the Japanese brought in heavy-caliber guns from damaged and sunken ships in the harbor. But during the Philippine liberation, the US employed every available artillery piece against the enemy inside the Intramuros walls from Feb. 17 to Feb. 23. The shelling finally breached the thick walls in several places in the northeast corner of the walled city.</div>
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Once a jumble of broken buildings, portions of the old city have been restored, including the <strong>Ayuntamiento </strong>(Municipal Hall), once the grandest structure here.</div>
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<strong>Fort Santiago</strong>, within the walled city, was built on the original site of Rajah Sulayman’s settlement and was used to control traffic along the Pasig River. The fort served as headquarters to several occupying armies. The Spaniards used it as headquarters of the Spanish ministry, which was ousted by British troops in 1762 and later housed Filipino Tayabas soldiers in 1843. Yet, Intramuros withstood attacks by the Dutch and the Portuguese, as well as Sulu pirates.</div>
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<img alt="Entrance to Fort Santiago" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-513" height="2000" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/entrance-to-fort-santiago.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="3008" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Entrance to Fort Santiago</span></div>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
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<img alt="Intramuros-Jail" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-512" height="480" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/intramuros-jail.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="640" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Jail at Fort Santiago</span></div>
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Fort Santiago is kept in spotless condition today and is open to visitors. At one end is a museum housing the relics and personal effects of Jose Rizal, national hero of the Philippines. On another end is Jose Rizal’s cell where he was incarcerated for two months on charges of rebellion and sedition prior to his execution by the Spaniards in 1896 and where he wrote his last legacy of poetry , “Mi Ultimo Adios” to the Filipino people. It was smuggled out in the base of an oil lamp.</div>
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United States troops ran the fort after 1898, and it was an operational base for General Douglas MacArthur from 1936 to 1941. MacArthur resided in a penthouse atop the Manila Hotel, off the southwest corner of Intramuros from 1935 to 1941.</div>
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With its interrogation chambers, rat-infested holdalls and infamous dungeons that were below the high tide level, this was a place of terror and death throughout the centuries. It was the dreaded prison used by the Spaniards and later by the Japanese. Many atrocities have been committed here. Prisoners were left to drown as the tide rose and filled the lower dungeons. When the Japanese left, 600 bodies were found in the powder magazine chamber.</div>
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Rumors had persisted that the Japanese General Yamashita may have hidden his legendary – or as some say, mythical - gold here. In 1988, with President Aquino’s permission, American treasure hunters painstakingly searched and partially excavated Fort Santiago looking for clues, but nothing was uncovered.</div>
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<img alt="Intramuros 2" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-504" height="798" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/intramuros-2.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="1170" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Manila Cathedral</span></div>
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A few blocks from Fort Santiago, is the <strong>Manila Cathedral</strong>, an imposing Romanesque structure constructed of adobe. A plaque on its façade reveals a relentless history, beginning in 1571, of reconstruction after the repeated ravages of fire, typhoon, earthquake and war. Statues by Italian artists, of the saints to whom Manileños owe special devotion, grace the façade. Among them are St. Andrew the Apostle, on whose feast day in 1574 the Spanish repulsed Chinese invaders, and Santiago Matamoros (St. James the Greater), patron saint of Spain and the Philippines. The Dutch organ in the Cathedral, with its 4500 pipes, is one of the largest in Asia.</div>
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<img alt="San Agustin Church Altar by Flickr" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-514" height="678" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/san-agustin-church-altar-by-flickr.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="1024" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> San Agustin Church Altar - Photo credit: Flickr</span></div>
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<img alt="Intramurous" class=" wp-image-503 aligncenter" height="329" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/intramurous.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; display: block; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="484" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Ground of San Agustin Church</span></div>
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<strong>San Agustin Church</strong>, the church within the walled city of Intramuros, is the oldest stone church in the Philippines. First built of nipa palm and bamboo, in 1571, it was destroyed by the Chinese pirate Limahong during a raid in 1574. A second building, of wood, replaced it in 1583. Later in 1599, the present building was begun. This has adobe walls, with beautifully carved ceilings and columns, and imported European chandeliers. It was completed in 1601. The pulpit, a work of art, and the wooden seats in the choir loft are intricately hand-carved. In the vestry, with its long hall and high roof, the Spaniards officially handed over the Philippines to America. This building seems to be the only earthquake-proof structure in the islands. In the passageways at the side of the church hang old paintings, some still bearing the marks of bullets.</div>
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Inside the church stands the tomb of the founder of Manila, Legaspi. The remains of the other Spanish conquistadors, Martin de Goti and Juan de Salcedo were also interred here. The church was bombed, machine-gunned and shelled during WWII, but withstood the damage, though the convent beside the church was destroyed.</div>
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Sources:</div>
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The Philippines by John Cockcroft</div>
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Inside Guide Philippines by Discovery Channel</div>
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The Philippines Guide – Jill & Rebecca Gale de Villa</div>
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Traveler's Philippine Companion by Kristen Ellis</div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-50681778190442693092019-06-27T14:32:00.000-07:002019-06-27T14:32:27.240-07:00Plant and Animal Beginnings in the Philippines <div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<img alt="Wallace Line google" class=" wp-image-475 aligncenter" height="339" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/wallace-line-google.png" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="510" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Photo Credit – google.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">What is Wallace’s Line? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">The Wallace Line runs up the Lombok Strait between Indonesian Islands Bali and Lombok. It continues north through the Makassar Strait that separates Borneo(Kalimantan) and Celebes (Sulawesi), turns east into the Pacific and then back north again to encompass the Philippines.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">The so-called Wallace’s line refers to a biogeographic boundary that separates Asian animals from Australian ones. It defines most Philippine plants and animals. The boundary was named after the 19<sup>th</sup>-century English naturalist, explorer and writer Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) who first noted the zoological and geographical differences between the Asian and Australian continents.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">During his journeys through the Malay Archipelago, he noticed a sudden change in fauna after crossing a 35 km. (20 mi) strait between the Indonesian islands of Bali and Lombok. He noticed a region where the species present did not resemble one another despite the islands having similar climates and habitats. All species present on the islands east of the line owe their biological heritage to species originating in Australia and those to the west owe their heritage to species originating in Asia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">The Asian and Australian landmasses used to extend much farther than they do today. Around 13,000 years ago towards the end of the last Ice Age, rising sea levels from melted glaciers turned areas of both into a string of islands. However, the native species on these islands are dictated by the landmasses they were originally connected to.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">When sea levels sank during the last Ice Age, a series of land bridges cut through the shallow waters between Philippines’ Palawan and Mindanao and Indonesia’s Sulawesi and Borneo. These land bridges made possible a temporary alliance of flora and fauna, which led to adaptations and mutations in isolation when the land links sank again.</span></span></div>
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<img alt="wallaceline citiviu.com" class=" size-full wp-image-476 aligncenter" height="550" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/wallaceline-citiviu-com.jpg" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="534" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Photo Credit – citiviu.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Sixty species of Bornean plants are found in the southern islands of Mindoro, Palawan and Mindanao. Flora identified with Sulawesi and Moluccas of Indonesia are widespread in the Philippines, mainly in the form of ferns, orchids and a great wood, the dipterocarp, which makes up the country’s primary tracts of forests, as it also does in Thailand, Indochina and Indonesia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">The same species of mousedeer, weasel, mongoose, porcupine, skunk, anteater and otter are in the wilds of Palawan and nearby Calamian islands and in Borneo’s interior. Species of Palawan shrews, as well as a rare bat found in Mindanao, have kin in Sulawesi.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Fish in the waters of eastern Sumatra and western Borneo are like those in southwestern Philippines, as are the fish between Mindanao and Papua New Guinea. Many Malaysian and Bornean birds make their home in Palawan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">There is evidence of an even older land bridge that connected northern Philippines with Taiwan at a time when that island was itself connected to the Asian mainland. The remains of the stegodon, a pygmy elephant, have been dug up here as well as in Taiwan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">References:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Discovermagazine.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Insight Guide Philippines by Discovery Channel</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Abc.net.au/science/</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Google.com</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d596d; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Until next time. The Philippine story continues.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00aadc; font-family: &quot; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.rosalindarmorgan.com/" style="color: var(--color-accent);">Rosalinda</a></span></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-74784032017336872122019-06-19T12:45:00.002-07:002019-06-19T12:45:35.123-07:00The Spaniards Discovered the Philippines - Part 2<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<img alt="Magellan's map" class=" size-full wp-image-5690 aligncenter" height="717" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/magellans-map.jpg" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="1322" /></div>
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Magellan established friendly relations with the treacherous King of Cebu, Humabon, who professed Christianity in order to win the help of Magellan. The great navigator was induced to undertake an expedition to conquer the neighboring island of Mactan for the Catholic faith and the King of Cebu.</div>
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<img alt="Lapu lapu by fabulousphilippines.com" class="alignnone wp-image-5691" height="455" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/lapu-lapu-by-fabulousphilippines-com-e1538886850361.png" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="561" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "noto serif" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , "times" , serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "noto serif" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , "times" , serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Lapu-lapu Statue. To the left is Magellan's shrine. Photo Credit-fabulousphilippines.com</span></div>
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At the muddy island called Mactan, their chieftain, Rajah Cilapulapu (Lapu-lapu) was not as friendly and accommodating. It’s unclear whether Magellan commanded Lapu-lapu to submit to Spanish sovereignty, or whether he became involved in a petty local dispute. Lapu-lapu was the first native leader to resist the attempt of the colonizing invaders to Christianize them. His people rebelled against the Rajah Humabon of Cebu and his foreign guests.</div>
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<img alt="Battle of Mactan by flickr.com" class="alignnone wp-image-5693" height="335" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/battle-of-mactan-by-flickr-com.png" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="504" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #2b2d2f; cursor: text; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "noto serif" , "georgia" , "times new roman" , "times" , serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #3d596d; cursor: text; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Battle of Mactan - Photo Credit: flickr.com</span></div>
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As Magellan waded ashore at Mactan with his 60 armor-clad Spanish men, he was met by Lapu-lapu and 1,000-2,000 defiant natives who defended their island. A fierce and confused battle ensued. During the skirmish, Magellan was killed on April 27, 1521 during the Battle of Mactan, driving the Spanish explorers away, only six weeks after saying his first mass on Philippine soil. Pigafetta, the expedition’s chronicler, wrote, “They killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide.”</div>
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The King of Cebu afterwards got into his power several of the explorer’s most prominent men. Later, realizing that the visitors weren’t invincible, and angry over the repeated violation of their women, the disenchanted Humabon, and his men killed another 27 Spaniards in a skirmish.</div>
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The survivors, greatly reduced in numbers, departed hastily. They burned one of the three remaining vessels off Bohol for lack of crew and the remaining crew and two vessels made for Tidore in the Moluccas or Spice Islands. They loaded up with spices. One set sailed for Panama but after becoming leaky had to be abandoned. The other sailed for Spain.</div>
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<em>Victoria,</em> the last remaining vessel, laden with spices, at last rounded the Cape of Good Hope and in melancholy triumph dropped anchor in the harbor of Seville, Sept. 9, 1522. She was the first ship to circumnavigate the globe but so too had the dead commander, for on a previous expedition he had gone eastward to 130 degrees, and when he fell he was in 124 degrees west longitude.</div>
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In the history of discovery no name ranks higher than that of Magellan. He had done what Columbus set out to do – he had sailed westward to the Spice Islands, giving practical proof that the earth is round, and that it is possible to reach the east by sailing west.</div>
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The expedition had lasted nearly three years. Of the original 264 members, only 18 were left. But the sale of the single cargo of spices more than covered the entire cost of the venture. The <em>Victoria’s</em> return vindicated Magellan’s theory and whetted Spain’s appetite for spices and colonies in the Orient.</div>
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Four more expeditions were dispatched between 1525 and 1542, two of which touched Mindanao without impact. Villalobos, the commander of the fourth party, named Samar and Leyte <em>“Islas Filipinas”</em> in honor of Charles’ son, who became King Felipe II in 1556. The name was subsequently extended to the whole archipelago.</div>
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Magellan opened the Pacific Ocean to the civilized world. Due to his dauntless spirit all through the voyage, he discovered the Strait of Magellan, and he was not only the first European navigator to sail across the Pacific Ocean, but the first person also to discover a route over which ships could sail a complete circle around the world.</div>
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John Fiske, the American historian, says: “The voyage thus ended was doubtless the greatest feat of navigation that has ever been performed, and nothing can be imagined that would surpass it except a journey to some other planet.”</div>
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Sources:</div>
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Inside Guide Philippines by Discovery Channel</div>
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Philippine Handbook by Carl Parkes</div>
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Compton’s Pictured Encyclopedia</div>
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Until next time. The Philippine story continues.</div>
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<a href="http://www.rosalindarmorgan.com/" style="color: var(--color-accent);">Rosalinda</a></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-12680731053179044172019-06-10T17:21:00.000-07:002019-06-10T17:21:28.207-07:00<header class="entry-header" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #686868; display: block; font-family: &quot; font-size: 20.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1.5em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><h3 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #333333; font-family: &quot; font-size: 2.8rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.37em; text-align: left;">
The Philippines Independence Day – Is it June 12 or July 4? What do you think?</h3>
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<span class="posted-on" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Posted on <a href="https://subliblog.wordpress.com/2019/06/09/the-philippines-independence-day-true-fact/" rel="bookmark" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #5c7127; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: ease;"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2019-06-09T02:17:25+00:00" style="box-sizing: inherit;">June 9, 2019</time></a></span><span class="byline" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline;"> by <span class="author vcard" style="border-bottom-color: currentColor; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: currentColor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentColor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-color: currentColor; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://subliblog.wordpress.com/author/subliblog/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #5c7127; font-weight: 400; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: ease;">SCLMRose</a></span></span> </div>
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<img alt="Philippine Flag" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-802" data-attachment-id="802" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Philippine Flag" data-large-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/philippine-flag.jpg?w=748" data-medium-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/philippine-flag.jpg?w=300" data-orig-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/philippine-flag.jpg" data-orig-size="750,375" data-permalink="https://subliblog.wordpress.com/2019/06/09/the-philippines-independence-day-true-fact/philippine-flag/" height="370" sizes="(max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/philippine-flag.jpg?w=748" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="739" /></div>
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June 12 is the Philippine Independence Day, recognized through Proclamation No. 28 signed by then President Diosdado Macapagal on May 12, 1962 citing Emilio Aguinaldo’s establishment of the Philippine Republic from Spain. Congress then formally designated June 12 as the date of Philippine independence by passing Republic Act No. 4166 in 1964.</div>
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Despite what Aguinaldo said that June 12 marked our people’s declaration and exercise of our right to self-determination, liberty and independence, the United States which gained control of the Philippines from the Spaniards, refused to recognize it so in essence Philippine independence was not won in 1898.</div>
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When I was growing up, Philippine Independence Day was July 4 which to me make more sense.</div>
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In 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established with U.S. approval and Manuel L. Quezon was elected the country’s first president. On July 4, 1946, the Republic of the Philippines was granted full independence by the United States.</div>
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In the book by Stanley Karnow “In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines", it says there were so much corruption when President Diosdado Macapagal was in power and so:</div>
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<em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Macapagal concocted nationalist issues as a distraction. Resorting to an old tactic, he expelled numbers of Chinese, many of them naturalized citizen. He deported an American businessman, Harry Stonehill, who had amassed an estimated $50 million from real estate, tobacco and other enterprises, allegedly with help from Filipino politicians, including members of Macapagal’s cabinet. To everyone’s relief, Stonehill took his secrets with him. Macapagal won nationalist applause by shifting the national holiday, July 4, the anniversary of independence from the United States in 1946, to June 12, the day in 1898 that Emilio Aguinaldo, chief of Filipino nationalists, declared Philippine sovereignty.</em></div>
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<em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Years afterward, Macapagal told Karnow the real reason for the change: “When I was in the diplomatic corps, I noticed that nobody came to our receptions on the Fourth of July but went to the American Embassy instead. So, to compete, I decided that we needed a different holiday.”</em></div>
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June 12 is the date of our independence from the Spanish regime. But by then we were not totally independent. We went under the American rule and then the Japanese Occupation. The Philippines finally gained complete independence on July 4, 1946, a date chosen to coincide with Independence Day in the United States.</div>
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As usual, politicians made mockery of our history for their political gain.</div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-69170967766967433452019-06-08T14:35:00.000-07:002019-06-08T14:35:03.774-07:00The Spaniards Discovered the Philippines – Part 1<header class="entry-header" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #474747; display: block; font-family: &quot; font-size: 20.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1.5em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><h3 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #474747; font-family: &quot; font-size: 2.8rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.37em; text-align: left;">
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The archipelago’s recorded history began half way around the world in a small, dusty town in southwestern Spain. The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed on June 7, 1494, dividing the yet-unexplored world between Spain and Portugal. To the east of meridian 370 leagues (unit of length) west of the Cape Verde islands in the Atlantic, every land would belong to Portugal and to the west the every land would belong to Spain.</div>
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The Portuguese set off to navigate Africa’s Cape of Good Hope in search of the riches of the Spice Islands, while the Spanish headed across the vast Pacific in search of new trade routes to the Orient and its spices and to convert the natives to Catholicism.</div>
<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-466" class="wp-caption alignnone" data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_466" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 1em; max-width: 100%; width: 773px;"><img alt="Magellan" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-466" data-attachment-id="466" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Magellan" data-large-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/magellan.jpg?w=697" data-medium-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/magellan.jpg?w=204" data-orig-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/magellan.jpg" data-orig-size="773,1135" data-permalink="https://subliblog.wordpress.com/2018/09/30/the-spaniards-discovered-the-philippines-part-1/magellan/" height="1085" sizes="(max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/magellan.jpg?w=748" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 100%;" width="739" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-466" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font-size: 1.4rem; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Photo Credit: Compton’s Encyclopedia</figcaption></figure>
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The captain of Spain’s search was a Portuguese who had taken up the flag of Castile and the Spanish name Hernando de Magallanes. To the English-speaking world, he is Ferdinand Magellan, the son of a Portuguese nobleman, who early on served in the Indies and Morocco with distinction.</div>
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Magellan believed that the Orient could be reached by sailing west. After the king of Portugal rejected his plan to search the route and believing his king had not rewarded his services justly, he renounced his nationality. He then approached King Charles V of Spain who agreed to finance an expedition. This ruler, remembering the discoveries of Columbus and other bold sailors finally accepted Magellan’s proposal.</div>
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On Aug. 10, 1519, Magellan together with his men and a large wooden cross set sail from Seville in command of five small vessels (<em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Trinidad</em>, the lead ship, <em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">San Antonio, Conception, Victoria</em> and <em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Santiago</em>) on what was to be one of the greatest single voyages in history. In Sept. 1519, they crossed the Atlantic and just over a month, they reached the coast of South America. They sailed until very cold and stormy weather forced him to seek winter quarters. They stopped at Port San Julian where the crew mutinied on Easter Day in 1520. Magellan quickly quelled the uprising, executing one of the captains and leaving another mutinous captain behind.</div>
<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-468" class="wp-caption aligncenter" data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_468" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.75em; max-width: 100%; width: 412px;"><img alt="Magellan's ship by britannica.com" class="alignnone wp-image-468" data-attachment-id="468" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Magellan’s ship by britannica.com" data-large-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/magellans-ship-by-britannica-com.jpg?w=242" data-medium-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/magellans-ship-by-britannica-com.jpg?w=242" data-orig-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/magellans-ship-by-britannica-com.jpg" data-orig-size="242,185" data-permalink="https://subliblog.wordpress.com/2018/09/30/the-spaniards-discovered-the-philippines-part-1/magellans-ship-by-britannica-com/" height="315" sizes="(max-width: 412px) 100vw, 412px" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/magellans-ship-by-britannica-com.jpg" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; max-width: 100%;" width="412" /><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-468" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font-size: 1.4rem; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.75em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Magellan’s ships – Photo credit: Britannica.com</figcaption></figure>
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Sailing on again in the spring, (September in the southern hemisphere) Magellan’s fleet rounded a promontory. On October 21, 1520, he sighted what he guessed to be the sought-for-strait. Two ships went ahead and reported that the strait led to an ocean beyond; so the fleet proceeded. The “oceans” proved to be only a large bay in the strait; but at a council held with his navigators Magellan declared his purpose of going on.</div>
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For over a month he battled his way through this stormy 360-mile treacherous passage known today as the Strait of Magellan at the tip of South America to cross into the Pacific Ocean. <em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Santiago</em> was shipwrecked during a terrible storm and <em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">San Antonio</em> stole away and sailed back to Spain; but still Magellan persevered.</div>
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On Nov. 28, 1520, he reached the ocean that Balboa discovered seven years before, and which Magellan named the Pacific Ocean because it looked so calm.</div>
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At first, the voyage on the Pacific went well, save for monotony. But after a month of sailing, terrible hardships assailed the fleet. The provisions ran low, and rats and leather were choice foods. The drinking water turned thick and yellow, and dozens died of scurvy.</div>
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After 14 more weeks of hunger and disease, they reached Guam, where they took on fresh supplies before continuing west. Somehow, he managed to miss every island in this vast body of water, save the tiny atoll of Poka Puka and Guam. In all, the fleet sailed 93 days before discovering Guam and a week later the Philippines.</div>
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On March 16, 1521, the Day of Lazarus, Magellan sighted Samar. The following day, he and his Spanish crew made a landfall on the tiny island of Homonhon, an uninhabited island in Leyte Gulf, calling the new lands Lazarus, after the saint’s day on which he first sighted them. After a few days rest, Magellan sailed on through the Gulf of Leyte to Limasawa, an island south of Leyte.</div>
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While Magellan was credited with the discovery, it was his Moluccan slave, Enrique de Molucca who uttered the first greeting between the Spaniards and the Filipinos. Friendly natives greeted the Spaniards with offerings of fish, bananas, coconuts and tuba, a kind of palm wine. Its ruler, Rajah Kolambu, was being visited by his brother, Rajah Siagu of Butuan at that time, and they welcomed Magellan.</div>
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Magellan explored other islands and then sailed to the flourishing trading port of Zubu (now Cebu). There he was greeted by another friendly chieftain called Rajah Humabon whom he established friendly relations. Magellan told Rajah Humabon that he had a gift for the queen and asked Antonio de Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition to present the queen with a statue of the Christ Child. At first, Rajah Humabon was skeptical but seeing that his queen’s eyes brightened upon seeing the statue, he shook hands with Magellan and welcomed him to his island. The queen promised that the little one, <em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Santo Nino</em> of the Spanish people, would replace the anitos (idols) of her people.</div>
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A week later, Humabon, with his family and 800 of his followers, converted to Roman Catholicism. Magellan erected a large wooden cross and celebrated mass and baptized all the natives. At the end of the mass, Magellan claimed the land for Spain and called the new lands Islas de San Lazaro in honor of the saint’s day when he first sighted the island. The first mass was celebrated on Limasawa, the first one in the Philippines’ history on an Easter Sunday. A controversy had arisen over whether the mas was actually held over Butuan, which was then called Masawa, a name sufficiently similar to Limasawa to have possibly confused a Spanish chronicler.</div>
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Sources:</div>
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Inside Guide Philippines by Discovery Channel</div>
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Philippine Handbook by Carl Parkes</div>
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Compton’s Pictured Encyclopedia</div>
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Until next time. The Philippine story continues.</div>
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<a href="http://www.rosalindarmorgan.com/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #294b4b; line-height: inherit; outline-color: invert; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: ease;">Rosalinda</a></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-80725328554862305832019-05-29T17:15:00.000-07:002019-05-29T17:15:06.346-07:00The Philippines and Its People<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Family of Negritoes - Photo Credit: Compton Encyclopedia 1931 Edition</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Archeological evidence suggests that the Negritos, a broad term for indigenous people of dark complexions, reached the Philippines over 30,000 years ago by a land bridge from the Asian mainland following the migration of animals. Excavation at Palawan’s Tabon cave yielded a human skull carbon-dated to 22,000 B.C. About 10,000 years ago, the ice melted, the sea level rose and the land bridges disappeared.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Waves of Indonesians followed by sea from 3,000 BC, and Malays got a firm foothold around 200 BC, followed in later centuries by waves of Chinese settlers. Most of today’s Filipinos have grown out of intermarriages between indigenous and Malay people. Modern Filipino culture, including language and cuisine, was heavily influenced by the Malays, who also introduced arts, literature, and a system of government.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">A few centuries before the Spanish reached the Philippines in the 16th century, Filipinos involved in trade had also met Arabs and Hindus from India, while the expanding Chinese population wielded considerable commerical power. Muslim clergy start to bring Islam to the Philippines from Indonesia and Malaya via Borneo in the late 14<sup>th</sup> century. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">The Philippine population is a mix of tribal and ethnic groups representing 111 linguistic, cultural and racial groups. The majority is of Filipino-Malayan descent with Japanese, Chinese, European and American added to the mix. The minority is the aboriginal group called Negritos whose average height is about 58 inches, dark brown to almost black skin color, wide noses and tight curly hair. The Negritos or Little Negroes are one of the dwarf Australoid people of the ancient populations of the world. It is believed that inland forest situations with very few proteins and steep terrain contributed to their short stature. They kept to the deep forests while the Igorots kept to the mountains. They have survived because of their secluded location. The Negritoes survived by hunting and fishing and eventually had adopted a rudimentary form of farming. Local groups were composed of five to ten families living in a group of thatched lean-tos around a circular space. The leader of the band was determined by age or consensus. The group moved frequently for economic reasons or because of deaths, feeling of ill luck or quarrels. They have their own distinct language.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: black;">T<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">here are about 87 different languages and dialects spoken in the Philippines. Tagalog was made the national language in 1946. Tagalog was changed to Pilipino in 1962. Most of my generation still call it Tagalog. English is also widely used. Some young people nowadays used Taglish which is a mixture of both Tagalog and English in their conversation.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">The Philippines is a conglomeration of various cultures due to the influence of different civilizations over the past 1500 years. Perhaps because of their over three centuries of Spanish rule, the Filipinos are passionate about life in a way that seems more Latin than Asian and because of their 48 years under the American administration, they can communicate easily in English and have been great imitators of American culture.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">In spite of new influence from neighboring Asian countries, culture from the first settlers still remain. These include belief in the active powers of spirits and the importance of omens. Spirits once played an important part in the lives of all Filipinos, and many who have been converted to Christianity or the Muslim faith still retain a few of their ancient beliefs. The Igorots still worship their ancient gods, the highest of them is called Diwata. The Philippines is the only predominantly Christian nation in Asia.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">The Philippines has been ruled by various Asian and western empires. From 200 to 1565 AD, part of the Philippines may have been ruled by Hindu-Malay empires, the Javanese Madjapahit empire and the Ming Dynasty of China. From 1440 to 1565, the northern Luzon was controlled by the Japanese and Borneo and Brunei controlled the south.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Until 3,000 years ago, contact with the outside world was minimal. Between 1500 BC and 1440 AD, the Philippines traded with Borneo, Indonesia, Japan, Persia, India and China who made the Philippines their base of operation. The earliest known trade with China occurred during the T’ang Dynasty (618 to 906 AD), although contacts did not become extensive until the Sung Dynasty (960 to 1279), Yuan Dynasty (1260 to 1368), and Ming Dynasty (14<sup>th</sup> to 16<sup>th</sup> centuries). Records show that the Chinese name the Philippines largest island “Liu sung” which became Luzon later on. Historian says that the name Visayas was derived from Swirijaya, the Indo-Malay Empire that ruled Sumatra from the 7<sup>th</sup> to 13th centuries. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Here is something to entertain you from young Filipinos at UCLA dancing the Philippine native dance called <em>Tinikling.</em> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WLfqDMwA_o]<br /><span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">The <em>Tinikling</em> is a pre-Spanish folk dance inspired by the tikling (heron) bird. The steps imitate the movement of the bird as they walk between grass stems and tree branches escaping the bamboo traps set by farmers.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">It is the best performance I have seen so far. Watch those feet while they dance with blindfolds. Enjoy.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d596d; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Until next time. The Philippine story continues.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #00aadc; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.rosalindarmorgan.com/" style="color: var(--color-accent);">Rosalinda</a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d596d; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Sources:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d596d; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Philippine Guide by Jill and Rebecca Gale de Villa</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d596d; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Philippine Handbook by Carl Parkes</span></div>
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<span style="color: #3d596d; font-family: "quot"; font-size: 14pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Compton’s Pictured Encyclopedia</span></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-52517897457118307902019-05-21T13:42:00.000-07:002019-05-21T13:42:04.173-07:00Has Anyone Mistaken You For A Famous Person?<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111111; font-family: &quot; font-size: 17.86px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 170%; margin-bottom: 1.5em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
I received an email from someone asking for donation regarding the National Memorial Day Parade in Washington DC on Monday, May 27, 2019 of which he will be the Marshal. My husband being a WWII veteran I sent in a donation in his honor and also because of who sent me the email which brings me to this topic of mistaken identity.</div>
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The person soliciting the donation is no other than Lou Holtz, the Notre Dame coach. Since I have never been a football fan, I didn’t know who Lou Holtz was years ago until my husband told me a story when he came home after my son’s soccer game when my son was in grade school.</div>
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One of the kids watching the game called his father and said, “Look Dad, there is Lou Holtz.”</div>
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<img alt="Matthew Morgan" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-5951" data-attachment-id="5951" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Matthew Morgan" data-large-file="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/matthew-morgan-e1558437086619.jpg?w=205" data-medium-file="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/matthew-morgan-e1558437086619.jpg?w=205" data-orig-file="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/matthew-morgan-e1558437086619.jpg" data-orig-size="205,218" data-permalink="https://rosalindarmorgan.wordpress.com/2019/05/21/has-anyone-mistaken-you-for-a-famous-person/matthew-morgan/" height="218" sizes="(max-width: 205px) 100vw, 205px" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/matthew-morgan-e1558437086619.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;" width="205" /></div>
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A lot of people have mistaken my husband with Lou Holtz. I have no idea how tall Lou Holtz is but my husband is 6’ tall and blond. He used to be reddish blond. I see Lou Holtz is also blond.</div>
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When we moved to Charleston, we were at the Charleston Market downtown having a quick snack and people stopped and asked if he was Lou Holtz. He denied it but people did not believe him.</div>
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The first time we went to dinner at Hyman Restaurant downtown, we saw a picture of Lou Holtz on the wall. I noticed people stared at my husband and then looked at the wall.</div>
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Then when my stepdaughter and her husband together with my three granddaughters came one summer, we took them to Hyman. Lou Holtz’s picture was one of the pictures posted along the stairway. They seated us on a table near the stairway. On the table was carved “Lou Holtz sat here.” I didn’t know if it was intentional or a coincidence that we were seated at that table.</div>
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Another time, we were waiting in line outside for a table and the waitress asked for our name and our guests having known the story said, “Holtz like in Lou Holtz.” When they called Lou Holtz, we were taken to the bar and there was a picture of Lou Holtz at one corner of the bar. Customers at the bar looked at my husband and then at the wall and asked if he was Lou Holtz and he said no. They didn’t believe him. When our bill came at the end of our dinner, our guests picked up the tab so the restaurant did not know if he was Lou Holtz or not.</div>
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The last time we were at Hyman with my son and his girlfriend, the same thing happened. It was hilarious to the point of totally out of control. It was the worst in my opinion. Two people addressed him as Lou Holtz and asked for my husband’s autograph. They even asked to have their pictures taken with him. It did not make sense to me because Lou Holtz was supposed to broadcast a game the same day in another city. He could not possibly be in Charleston at the same time. People were not thinking.</div>
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A waiter must have tipped the owner of the restaurant because he came over to our table and thanked my husband profusely for coming and bringing some friends. I think he really believed he was Lou Holtz. I could not wait to get out of the restaurant. My son paid the bill so it was still a mystery to the restaurant if he was really Lou Holtz. My son’s girlfriend suggested my husband should study Lou Holtz’s biography so he could answer questions intelligently to make it look real. I said, “No!”.</div>
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I don’t think I’ll ever set foot at Hyman Restaurant again. At least not with my husband. Of course, with his health condition right now, he can’t go anywhere so that solves that problem.</div>
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Will the real Lou Holtz please stand up?</h3>
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<img alt="Lou Holtz" class="alignnone wp-image-5932" data-attachment-id="5932" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Lou Holtz" data-large-file="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/lou-holtz-e1558399109266.png?w=118" data-medium-file="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/lou-holtz-e1558399109266.png?w=118" data-orig-file="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/lou-holtz-e1558399109266.png" data-orig-size="118,174" data-permalink="https://rosalindarmorgan.wordpress.com/2019/05/21/__trashed/lou-holtz/" height="205" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/lou-holtz-e1558399109266.png?w=139&h=205" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;" width="139" /> <img alt="Matt at Alex's wedding" class="alignnone wp-image-5931" data-attachment-id="5931" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Matt at Alex’s wedding" data-large-file="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/matt-at-alexs-wedding.jpg?w=318" data-medium-file="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/matt-at-alexs-wedding.jpg?w=259" data-orig-file="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/matt-at-alexs-wedding.jpg" data-orig-size="318,369" data-permalink="https://rosalindarmorgan.wordpress.com/2019/05/21/__trashed/matt-at-alexs-wedding/" height="207" sizes="(max-width: 178px) 100vw, 178px" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2019/05/matt-at-alexs-wedding.jpg?w=178&h=207" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image-outset: 0; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;" width="178" /></div>
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-56773269785169785402019-05-06T16:31:00.000-07:002019-05-06T16:31:21.352-07:00The Philippines - A Tropical Paradise<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #2b2d2f; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
What do you know about the Philippines?</div>
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Here is a glimpse of my old country, its geography and its natural beauty.</div>
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<img alt="LeyteSamardailynews" class="alignnone wp-image-5498 aligncenter" height="270" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/leytesamardailynews.png" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="493" /></div>
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Photo Credit – leytesamardailynews.com</div>
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The Philippines is a tropical paradise in Southeast Asia with <a href="http://pageone.ph/kalanggaman-island-most-visited-destination-in-eastern-visayas/" style="color: var(--color-accent);">spectacular beaches</a> fringed with gently swaying palm trees on fine white, pink and in some areas almost black sand. Some islands are well known and some are still deserted and undiscovered, home to underwater wrecks like Spanish galleons, Chinese junks and warships surrounded by vast expanses of verdant landscapes and classic baroque churches.<br /><img alt="Philippine baroque church" class="alignnone wp-image-5499 aligncenter" height="260" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/philippine-baroque-church.png" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="464" /></div>
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Photo Credit – en.wikipedia.org</div>
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The Philippine Islands consisting of about 7,100 separate islands largely of volcanic origin traversed from north to south by irregular mountain ranges spread more than 1,100 miles (1850 kilometers) from north to south and nearly 700 miles (1,100 kilometers) east to west at its widest. Total land area is nearly 115,000 square miles (roughly 300,439 square kilometers), slightly larger than New Zealand, roughly the size of the state of Arizona of which about two-thirds is contained in Luzon and Mindanao. The total water surface of the archipelago is 705,115 square miles.</div>
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<img alt="Philippines physicalmap" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-5500 aligncenter" height="940" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/philippines-physicalmap.png" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="600" /></div>
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Photo Credit – en.wikipedia.org</div>
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The Philippines consists of three main island groupings: Luzon which includes the islands of Mindoro and Palawan; the Visayan Islands; and Mindanao which includes the Sulu archipelago. The islands are located within the Pacific volcanic belt, are very mountainous, with a comparatively small area of lowland. The islands are subject to floods, typhoons, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Some volcanoes of interest are Taal, the lowest volcano in the world and Mt. Mayon, recognized as the most perfectly-formed volcano cone in the world, both of which show many indications of recent eruptive disturbances. The larger islands have high rugged, mountainous interiors, mostly ranges running north to south with peaks emerging above hills and valleys. The main mountain ranges are the Cordillera Central on the western side, and the Sierra Madre on the eastern side, both running north to south, roughly parallel to the coastline of Luzon. The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo, 2,954 meters (9,600 feet) high in Mindanao. Slightly smaller is Mt. Pulog at 2,928 meters (8,481 feet) in northern Luzon. In some places, the mountains drop steeply to the sea.</div>
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Scattered between the Pacific Ocean on the east and the South China Sea on the west, Balintang Channel on the north and Celebes Sea on the south, the islands of the Philippines form an archipelago almost as large as that of Japan proper. The biggest island and farthest north, Luzon at 40,410 square miles (104,688 square kilometers), occupies 35 per cent of the nation’s total land area, and is surrounded by numerous islands and islets. It is about 105 kilometers (500 miles) from Taiwan and about 1,250 miles from Australia. The Philippine Trench (Mindanao Deep), the world’s deepest spot at 10,057-meter ( 32, 995 ft.) deep is 60 kilometers (37.28 miles) off its southeast shores. Mindanao is the second largest island and is located in the south. Many islands have extensive coral reefs offshore.<br /><img alt="Palawan by Huff Post" class="alignnone wp-image-5501 aligncenter" height="400" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/palawan-by-huff-post.jpg" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="600" /></div>
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Photo Credit of Palawan – Huffington Post</div>
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The ten largest islands are Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Negros, <a href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2016/07/07/coron-palawan-philippines_n_6193058.html" style="color: var(--color-accent);">Palawan</a>, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu, and Bohol. All but 460 out of the 7,100 islands occupy areas of less than one square mile apiece. Only 46 are larger than 62 square miles (100 square kilometers). Many of the 7,100 islands are little more than rocks, reefs, or sandbanks. They are mere specks on the ocean. Some 4,600 are named and about 1,000 are inhabited. The Philippine Islands share a total length of about 11,500 miles (18,000 kilometers) of coastline. There are hundreds of rivers and bays. Manila Bay is the main port.</div>
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The Philippine Islands lie wholly within the tropics, between latitudes five degrees and fifteen degrees north of the Equator, so that if they could be brought straight across the Pacific to the American continents, they would extend from the middle of Mexico to the middle of Colombia in South America.</div>
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The Philippines has a complex weather pattern. It has moist tropical climate. The Philippines is hot and humid year-round with seasons determined by the prevailing winds. The eastern parts of the Philippines receive their heaviest rainfall from November to June and the western parts of the Philippines have heavy rain from June to November. Rainfall can average seventy inches a year with some areas getting as much as two hundred inches especially during the monsoon season between October and April. Climate varies by region, but one can escape heat by moving to higher elevations like Baguio, the 1,524-meter high elevation summer capital.</div>
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There are plenty of mineral deposits like gold, coal and iron in various locations. The volcanic soils of the Philippines promote a rich, varied growth of plants. Much of the archipelago was covered with thick jungle with diverse tropical vegetation, much of which is in the mountainous interiors. Rugged ridges of hills and steep mountain ranges dot the countryside. Tropical rainforests give way to open parklands. The area outside the equatorial belt, particularly north of the equator, is also subject to devastating periodic typhoons. Swift-flowing streams during the rainy season turn into deep arid gullies during the hot dry season.</div>
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Rivers flowing from the highlands water the extremely fertile soil of the agricultural lowlands. Rice paddies, vast swamps, coconut, sugar and tobacco plantations abound. Coconut trees, the Philippines’ most important tree, are everywhere. It is used for coconut wine to drink, coconut milk to drink, coconut meat to eat, coconut heart for making <em>lumpia </em>(egg roll) and salad, coconut oil for cooking and coconut wood for building materials. There are hardwood trees of ebony, teak and cypress for building and making furniture. Rattan and bamboo abound. Nipa palms are used for roofing materials. Beautiful mahogany and narra are very special wood for making furniture.<br /><img alt="Durian by smithsonianmag.com" class="alignnone wp-image-5502 aligncenter" height="325" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/durian-by-smithsonianmag-com.png" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="434" /></div>
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Photo Credit of Durian – smithsonianmag.com</div>
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The Island also produces an abundance of delicious tropical fruits. Mangoes, avocado, papaya, guava, lanzones, chico, duhat, siniguelas, langka and the hugely smelly durian are some of the more popular and exotic fruits. Breadfruit and bananas can also be found in the Philippines, the former being used also for making barkcloth. There were two major species of bananas grown, the <em>Musa troglodytarum</em> with a vertical fruit stalk and the more familiar looking <em>Musa sapientum </em>whose fruit stalk bends downward. I miss them all!<br /><img alt="Waling Waling" class="alignnone wp-image-5503 aligncenter" height="382" src="https://rosalindarmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/waling-waling.jpg" style="display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="575" /></div>
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Photo Credit of Waling-Waling Orchid - YouTube</div>
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Botanists have discovered more than 12,000 different species of plants. Orchids thrive here. The 1,000 orchid species include the popular <a href="https://youtu.be/PmTAIj_ttXc" style="color: var(--color-accent);">waling-waling orchid</a> of western Mindanao. <a href="https://wordpress.com/post/rosalindarmorgan.com/546" style="color: var(--color-accent);">Sampaguita,</a> the white, sweet-smelling national flower, frangipani, bougainvillea and hibiscus also abound. In addition, more than 1,000 species of fern and more than 8,000 plant species flower, decorating the country with an array of color and fragrant scents. At least 130 species of Philippine fauna now stand on the United Nation’s list of endangered and threatened species.</div>
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Some fifty years ago, forest, conservatively valued at $20 billion at the time, covered more than 53 percent of the islands. Hungry for foreign currency, commercial logging was a nationally prioritized industry from the 1950s to the 1970s. The Estrada administration banned commercial logging but more than 70 percent of the nation’s original forests have already been destroyed by that time.</div>
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The Philippine is Asia’s best kept secret diving haven. Luzon’s most accessible dive area is Anilao in Batangas, a few hours’ drive south of Manila. Across the strait from Anilao is Puerto Galera in Mindoro, blessed with rewarding sports diving. In northern Luzon, divers can visit several World War II wrecks in Subic Bay. The famed 19<sup>th</sup> century dreadnought <em>USS New York</em> lies in 90 ft of water, with <em>El Capitan</em>, a 430 ft freighter, submerged just 40 ft below. Coron Bay, off northern Palawan’s Calamian Island, features some of the Philippines’ best wrecks. The dozen accessible wrecks comprise a fleet of supply ships for Japanese Naval Admiral Kurita, sunk during the October 1944 battle of Leyte Gulf.</div>
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Until next time. The Philippine story continues.</div>
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<a href="http://www.rosalindarmorgan.com/" style="color: var(--color-accent);">Rosalinda</a></div>
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Sources:</div>
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Compton’s Pictured Encyclopedia</div>
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Insight Guide Philippines – APA Publications</div>
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Philippines Traveler’s Companion by Kirsten Ellis</div>
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The Philippines by John Cockcroft</div>
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Wikipedia</div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-22235283918358285202019-03-14T14:37:00.000-07:002019-03-14T14:37:41.433-07:00Philippines' Early History - Human Migration<header class="entry-header" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #474747; display: block; font-family: &quot; font-size: 20.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1.5em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><h3 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #474747; font-family: &quot; font-size: 2.8rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.37em; text-align: left;">
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The Philippines was once a part of mainland Asia. The first sign of man in the Philippines dates back to at least 35,000 years ago. Since prehistoric times, the islands have been populated by peoples of the Malay race. Most of them lived simply in scattered villages at river mouths. Their houses were made of bamboo and palm-thatch and they grew rice and fished for a living.</div>
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The Australoid Negritos from Borneo was the first group of people to reach the Philippines. The pigmy blacks, the Negritos or “Little Negroes”, one of the most diminutive peoples in the world, were nomadic hunters armed only with bows and arrows and blow guns and settled in Luzon, Palawan, Mindoro and Mindanao. Like the African negro, they have crispy hair and wide noses. They rarely attain a stature of five feet, and seldom live to be 50 years old. For the most part, they were true savages, building no houses, and depending chiefly on the game they kill with their bows and arrows. Being of a timid disposition, the negritoes kept to the deep forests, where they were driven by the Malays, and gave little trouble.</div>
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After the Negritos, the next wave of immigrants came by sea from Indonesia 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. They were people of the Early New Stone Age, followed by Late Neolithic group between 1,500 BC and 500 BC. The third wave of immigrants who came between 800 BC and 500 BC from southern China and Indochina introduced copper and bronze tools, copper mining and irrigated rice culture.</div>
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The domestication of animals and the beginnings of agriculture marked the Neolithic period (4,000 BC to 250 BC). Neolithic refers to those cultures which do not have metal artifacts though the Late Neolithic culture overlaps the Early Bronze age (800 BC to 250 BC). Pottery appeared in the Philippines by about 3,000 BC. In the Province of Batangas, there is evidence of nephrite artifacts ranging from needles and chisels, cylindrical and disc-shaped beads, spearheads, axe-like pendants, bracelets and beads, bronze objects, arrowheads and miniature bells.</div>
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The <em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Igorots,</em> a word coined by the Spaniards meaning “people of the mountains” were the mountain tribes from the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Ifugao</em> province. The <em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Igorots </em>and allied tribes were more savage people, who kept to the mountains as persistently as the Negritoes to the forests. They were found chiefly in Central Luzon, where they tilled the steep hillsides by a laborious method of terracing. They developed a way of life as varied and unique as the plants and animals that they followed.</div>
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One of the mountain tribes, the <em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Ifugaos,</em> built the fabled rice terraces out of the rugged mountainsides at Banawe thousands or maybe even millions years ago. It is believed that the Ifugaos have lived in the mountains since ancient times. A recent archaeological discovery supported that claim when an ancient stone wall, up to two meters thick and five meters high was found together with ancient tools that were dated to about 2,000 B.C. Carved from the steep hillsides, the rice terraces rise layer after layer like huge broad staircases to heaven. It is believed that if all the terraces were placed end to end, they would stretch more than half way around the world.</div>
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<img alt="Rice Terraces" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-413" data-attachment-id="413" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Rice Terraces" data-large-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/rice-terraces.jpg?w=748?w=565" data-medium-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/rice-terraces.jpg?w=748?w=300" data-orig-file="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/rice-terraces.jpg?w=748" data-orig-size="565,364" data-permalink="https://subliblog.wordpress.com/rice-terraces/" height="364" sizes="(max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/rice-terraces.jpg" style="box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%;" width="565" /></div>
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The spectacular rice terraces were a marvelous feat of engineering built by brilliant minds of years past who thought of ideas to help them survive with things available at their disposal. This was how these mountain tribes made use of every inch of space to survive. Since there was no flat land in the mountain provinces where the aborigines could cultivate food, the Ifugaos were skillful and ingenious and possessed this keen determination to survive and patiently undertook the monumental task of building this marvelous wonder of the world to cover the whole mountainsides from riverbed to the summit using only manual labor and rudimentary tools. They lived on house terraces in small villages. They carried rocks and stones up the mountains, dug into the bedrocks and built walls from mud and irrigation system where water passed through sluices that regulated its flow from top terraces to lower terraces so they could use them for rice paddies. These protecting walls were built, one above another, to retain the water and hold the precious soil in place so it will not be washed away by the tropical rains. This ancient wonder was compared to the Pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China except the rice terraces are assumed to be constructed voluntarily whereas the Pyramids of Egypt and the Great Wall of China were constructed by slave labor.</div>
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From the Malay Peninsula came three waves of migration: between 300 BC and 100 BC, between AD 200 and AD 1200, and during the 14<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 97.5%; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup> and 15<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 97.5%; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup> centuries. These groups introduced useful discoveries in tools, weapons, textiles, weaving, pottery and new methods of farming. One group possessed an alphabet and became involved in trade with India, China and Indochina.</div>
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The Hindus reached the Philippines during the 4<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 97.5%; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup> century BC and their influence was felt on the islands of Mindanao, the Visayas, Palawan and Mindoro. Trade with China began during the 9<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 97.5%; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup> century. They gave Filipinos porcelain ware, silks and glass beads in exchange for sandalwood and other goods.</div>
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On Palawan Island live a group of people with light complexion and long hair. They exist in primitive fashion, and their food consists of local animals from the mountain areas and fish caught in the streams. They are ferocious race, prepared to go to any length to keep their privacy. Very little is known of their origins or ancestry. Some people say that this tribe is one of the so-called “lost tribes of Israel” and they have certainly been in the Philippines for a very long time.</div>
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When the Chinese and the Arab traders visited the coasts of Luzon centuries ago, they found some <em style="box-sizing: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit;">Igorots</em> and other original tribes living on the shore. As foreigners began to settle in Luzon, the tribes reluctant to mix with them moved farther inland and high into the mountains. The mountain tribes live in much the same way as they did thousands of years ago. Though they live in high, cold regions, they do not wear many clothes. They usually wear a brief loincloth of finely hand-woven cotton, decorated with intricate, colorful designs. At home, they stay close to a fire for warmth but outside they move actively to keep warm.</div>
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In 1275, a group from Java came to the Philippines from the Sulu Archipelago to as far as Luzon. They stayed for 20 years and then left. By the middle of the 14<sup style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 97.5%; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup> century, Cambodia and Indo-China were trading porcelain in northern Philippines.</div>
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All these contacts brought changes to the Filipino way of life.</div>
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Sources:</div>
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Compton’s Pictured Encyclopedia</div>
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Philippines Traveler’s Companion by Kirsten Ellis</div>
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The Philippines by John Cockcroft</div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-13998342714811219962019-03-05T08:57:00.000-08:002019-03-05T08:57:16.640-08:00The Ice Age - Part 2<header class="entry-header" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #474747; display: block; font-family: &quot; font-size: 20.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin-bottom: 1.5em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><h3 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #474747; font-family: &quot; font-size: 2.8rem; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0.37em; text-align: left;">
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During the glacial or ice age periods, the sea level was lowered because the ice sheets were formed upon the surface of the land. The huge ice sheets contained a considerable portion of the earth’s water. Much land was formed providing land bridges between continents for human and animal migrations permitting extensive interchange of faunas of North America and Eurasia.</div>
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The ice sheets made profound changes in the landscape and physical features of the regions it covered. The ice, which encroached gradually on regions previously warm, must have submitted all living things to new and unsettling conditions. In consequence some animals became extinct at this time, others moved southward.</div>
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When sea levels sank during the last Ice Age, a series of land bridges cut through the shallow waters connecting the Philippines with the rest of the Southeast Asia, one running through Palawan and Mindoro to Luzon, another through the Sulu Islands to Mindanao. Others linked Celebes with Mindanao. An even older land bridge connected northern Philippines with Taiwan at a time when that island was itself connected to the Asian mainland.</div>
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In between the time of glacial or ice age were periods of more moderate climatic conditions called the interglacials which were the times when the sea level rose due to the melting ice.</div>
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Human migration during the period 35,000 BC to 10,000 BC followed the migration of fauna and flora using these land bridges which connected the Philippines with the rest of Southeast Asia onto the new grassy plains until melting ice and rising sea levels submerged these land bridges 7,000 to 10,000 years ago. For thousands of years, bands of early hunters kept pushing farther and farther out into the new land.</div>
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In around 10,000 years BC, a change began to occur. Temperature began to rise and the ice sheets began to melt, gradually. Little by little rivers and lakes formed here and there. Decades past, centuries past and the ice slowly melt and the sea started to rise. With the flow and ebb of the water due to the melting ice caps, humans got isolated for scores of generations. Necessity dictated that they adapt to the new surroundings or they died. When the great ice sheets melted, the land bridges were submerged by rising waters, leaving the islands exposed.</div>
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After the Ice age, parts of the Asia mainland sank and the peaks remained surrounded by the waters of the China Sea.</div>
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Until next time. The story of the Philippines continues . . .</div>
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<a href="http://www.rosalindarmorgan.com/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #294b4b; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: ease;">Rosalinda</a></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-29482631910801826392019-02-26T08:06:00.000-08:002019-02-26T08:06:15.431-08:00The Ice Age - Part I<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
About two million years ago, the land was already formed. One large land area reached out into the Pacific Ocean from the Asian continent. Only the South China, Sulu and Celebes basins remained as seas. But events were taking shape in the earth’s polar region, causing three successive ice ages which lowered sea levels by 100 meters (330 feet). Sheets of ice were forming over the vast areas of the middle latitude of the North American continent and over much of northwestern Eurasia. From these areas, the ice seems to have moved out slowly in all directions, but mostly southward. The ice sheets were formed from snow, which must have fallen in great quantities when the climate was not warm enough to melt it. The ice was so thick that only the highest mountain peaks were visible about it.</div>
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<img alt="glacier by myeviajes" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-371" height="480" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/glacier-by-myeviajes.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="717" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Photo by freegreatpicture.com</span></div>
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The ice age consisted of several glacial epochs, separated by epochs of milder climate during which the ice sheets were reduced or disappeared all together. During the last 65,000,000 years of Earth history, the Earth began a slow cooling period as early as 30,000,000 years ago during the Cenozoic Era, followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. The Pleistocene Epoch is the geological span of time that began 2,500,000 years ago and ended with the last glacial epoch some 10,000 years ago, with the beginning of the Holocene Epoch.</div>
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During the Pleistocene Epoch, great changes were taking place on the continents with the melting of the ice at least four or five times producing vast quantities of water which formed into lakes wherever basins were present. It also left a thick deposit of debris, called “drift” on the surface which it had covered. The drift consisted of rocks and earthly debris which the ice had scraped and broken off from the land over which it passed. The uneven spreading of the drift and the erosion of the ice left many depressions without outlets in the surface and in these depressions lakes, ponds, and marshes were formed of the large areas where once were covered by ice sheets. Thus arose most of the lakes, ponds, and marshes of the great area of millions of square miles covered by the ice sheets of North America.</div>
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<img alt="Ice Glacier by bhart9070" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-372" height="480" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/ice-glacier-by-bhart9070.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="722" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Photo by bhart9070</span></div>
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In addition to the lakes, the melting ice sheets left the surface strewn with boulders of various kinds of rock, some of them of great size. Some of them had been transported hundreds of miles from the places where the ice broke them from the bedrock. Has anyone wondered how the huge rock called “Lion’s Head” in Baguio in the Mountain Province got there? It must have been transported there during the interglacial period.</div>
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<img alt="Lions Head by GoBaguio.com" class="alignnone wp-image-373" height="380" src="https://subliblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/lions-head-by-gobaguio-com.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #4b4f53; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: auto; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 100%; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="507" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2em; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Photo by gobaguio.com</span></div>
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Some of the lakes occupy basins made by the damming of river valleys by drift which the ice left. The many waterfalls within the area covered by the ice, both in the east and west, were in most cases due to changes of drainage caused by the great glacier. Many of the earlier valleys were filled by the deposits made by the ice, and when the ice sheet melted, the surface waters sought new courses or formed marshes which developed into shallow basins. In the glaciated area there were many peat beds, formed in marshes which developed in shallow basins in the surface after the ice sheet melted.</div>
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Untill next time. The Story of the Philippines continues . . .</div>
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Rosalinda</div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8931646366893637844.post-8863887219898048732019-01-24T22:12:00.000-08:002019-01-24T22:12:40.411-08:00More Facts About Long Island<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; margin-bottom: 24px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">
<img alt="Planting Fields State Park" class="alignnone wp-image-184" height="400" src="https://longislandpastandpresent.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/planting-fields-state-park.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 399.6px; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 1000px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="604" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Planting Fields State Park</span></div>
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<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Long Island, NY has 26 state parks.</span></div>
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<img alt="East Hampton Coastline" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-185" height="265" src="https://longislandpastandpresent.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/east-hampton-coastline.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 1000px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="400" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">East Hampton Coastline</span><br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Long Island's picturesque coastline is 1,180 miles long.</span><br />
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<br style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; orphans: 2; outline-color: transparent; outline-style: none; outline-width: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" /><img alt="Charles_Lindbergh_and_the_Spirit_of_Saint_Louis_(Crisco_restoration,_with_wings)" class="alignnone wp-image-183" height="584" src="https://longislandpastandpresent.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/charles_lindbergh_and_the_spirit_of_saint_louis_crisco_restoration_with_wings.jpg" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; font-family: &quot; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; height: 584.09px; letter-spacing: normal; max-width: 1000px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;" width="464" /><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Charles Lindbergh and the Spirit of Saint Louis</span><br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span>
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; color: #4b4f53; cursor: text; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Noto Serif",Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19.2px; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Charles Lindbergh began his famous non-stop flight from New York to Paris from Long Island's Roosevelt Field airstrip in the early morning of Friday, May 20, 1927.</span><br />
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<img alt="Apollo Lunar Module - NASA" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-187" height="400" src="https://longislandpastandpresent.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/apollo-lunar-module-nasa.jpg" style="max-width: 1000px;" width="397" /></div>
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The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) that landed on the moon was built in Long Island, NY by Grumman Corp.</div>
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<img alt="The Great Gatsby" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-186" height="475" src="https://longislandpastandpresent.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/the-great-gatsby.jpg" style="height: 475px; max-width: 1000px;" width="312" /></div>
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F.Scott Fitzgerald wrote the Great Gatsby (which described Long Island's "Gold Coast") while living in Great Neck.</div>
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The Vanderbilt Planetarium, located in Centerport, NY is one of the largest and best-equipped in the United States.</div>
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The Long Island Railroad provides more than 303,000 rides to customers each weekday.</div>
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Long Island, NY has several national award-winning schools including more than 14 leading colleges and universities.</div>
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Long Island has world leaders in biotechnology.</div>
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Long Island has leading research and world-renowned hospitals.</div>
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Until next time. Stop and smell the roses.</div>
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<a href="http://www.rosalindarmorgan.com/" style="color: #d52c82;">Rosalinda</a>, "The Rose Lady "</div>
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<img alt="www.rosalindarmorgan.com" class="alignnone wp-image-131" height="108" src="https://longislandpastandpresent.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/img_1405.jpg" style="height: 108px; max-width: 1000px;" width="144" /></div>
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<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Rosalinda Morganhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14257836805694155698noreply@blogger.com0